Can’t stand the look in the mirror? Self-awareness avoidance in borderline personality disorder
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) expect and perceive social rejection stronger than healthy individuals. Shifting ones attention from oneself to others has been suggested as a mechanism to deal with the experience of social rejection. Here, we investigated whether BPD participants avoid increased self-awareness and whether this is done intentionally. METHODS: Thirty BPD patients and 30 healthy control participants, all naïve of the study's purpose, were asked to choose either a seat facing a mirror (self-awareness) or not facing the mirror (avoidance of self-awareness). Afterwards they were asked to indicate if they have chosen the seat intentionally. RESULTS: BPD patients avoided as a trend the chair facing the mirror more often than healthy control participants. 90 % of the patients reported that they made their seating decision intentionally in contrast to 26.7 % of the healthy participants (odd ratio = 24.75). CONCLUSIONS: Results revealed altered reactions to self-awareness cues in BPD. While BPD patients avoided such a cue slightly more often, they were more often aware of their behavior than healthy participants. As possible explanations, a negative body related, shame-prone self-concept as well as a simultaneously increased degree of self-focused attention are suggested.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Not all participants with BPD reported elevated RS.
“For instance, shared variance between variables, including RS and BPD symptoms, did not reach 40% in one study (Boldero et al., 2009) and 10% in another (Tragesser, Lippman, Trull, & Barrett, 2008), and not all participants with BPD reported elevated RS (Winter et al., 2015).”
From The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Winter et al., 2015
Shared variance between RS and BPD symptoms did not reach 40% in one study and 10% in another.
“For instance, shared variance between variables, including RS and BPD symptoms, did not reach 40% in one study (Boldero et al., 2009) and 10% in another (Tragesser, Lippman, Trull, & Barrett, 2008), and not all participants with BPD reported elevated RS (Winter et al., 2015).”
From The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Winter et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)
Leong, F. T. L. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412963978.n182 · Cited by 10,858 · see citing works
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174794 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Wright, B. R. E., Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654424 · Cited by 3,327 · see citing works
A cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701 · see citing works
Borderline personality disorder
Lieb, K., Zanarini, M. C., Schmahl, C., Linehan, M. M., & Bohus, M. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16770-6 · Cited by 1,369 · see citing works
Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment
Amada, G. (1996) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1996.50.3.373 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Wïttchen, H., Wunderlich, U., Gruschwitz, S., & Zaudig, M. (1997) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Bohus, M., Kleindienst, N., Limberger, M. F., Stieglitz, R., Domsalla, M., Chapman, A. L., Steil, R., Philipsen, A., & Wolf‐Arehult, M. (2008) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000173701 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
When the social self is threatened: shame, physiology, and health
Dickerson, S. S., Gruenewald, T. L., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00295.x · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.409 · Cited by 715 · cited 8× · see citing works
“[11] when participants were facing socially relevant positive information.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialShame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder
Rüsch, N., Lieb, K., Göttler, I., Hermann, C., Schramm, E., Richter, H., Jacob, G. A., Corrigan, P. W., & Bohus, M. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.500 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Russell, J. J., Moskowitz, D. S., Zuroff, D. C., Sookman, D., & Paris, J. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.3.578 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder
Staebler, K., Helbing, E., Rosenbach, C., & Renneberg, B. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.705 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-focused attention in social phobia and social anxiety
Spurr, J. M., & Stopa, L. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00107-1 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Arousal-induced attention to self.
Wegner, D. M., & Giuliano, T. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.719 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Woody, S. R. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.1.61 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Attentional focus in social anxiety disorder: Potential for interactive processes
Schultz, L. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.003 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-stigma in women with borderline personality disorder and women with social phobia
Rüsch, N., Hölzer, A., Hermann, C., Schramm, E., Jacob, G. A., Bohus, M., Lieb, K., & Corrigan, P. W. (2006) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000239898.48701.dc · Cited by 180 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Our findings are similarly conclusive with earlier findings of maladaptive perception of one’s own body in BPD [18, 35–37].”
ResultSchmahl, C., Herpertz, S. C., Bertsch, K., Ende, G., Flor, H., Kirsch, P., Lis, S., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Rietschel, M., Schneider, M., et al. (2014) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/2051-6673-1-12 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationCerebral processing of social rejection in patients with borderline personality disorder.
Domsalla, M., Koppe, G., Niedtfeld, I., Vollstädt-Klein, S., Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst176 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationPerception of Social Participation in Borderline Personality Disorder
Renneberg, B., Herm, K., Hahn, A., Staebler, K., Lammers, C., & Roepke, S. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.772 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Social Interaction in Borderline Personality Disorder
Lis, S., & Bohus, M. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0338-z · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationPanfilis, C. D., Riva, P., Preti, E., Cabrino, C., & Marchesi, C. (2015) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000132 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Bungert, M., Liebke, L., Thome, J., Haeussler, K., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2015) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-015-0025-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Awareness & Causal Attribution
Duval, T. S., & Silvia, P. J. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1489-3 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Bögels, S. M., & Lamers, C. T. J. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00096-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self‐esteem in patients with borderline and avoidant personality disorders
LYNUM, L. I., WILBERG, T., & KARTERUD, S. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00655.x · Cited by 80 · cited 3× · see citing works
“As selfawareness cues may be particularly salient to BPD patients due to their negative and shame-prone self-concept [17–21], we also expected that BPD patients would adjust their behavior more intentionally.”
BackgroundGutz, L., Renneberg, B., Roepke, S., & Niedeggen, M. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038614 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., Zuroff, D. C., Russell, J. J., Moskowitz, D. S., & Paris, J. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028513 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-System Therapy (SST): A Theory-Based Psychotherapy for Depression
Vieth, A. Z., Strauman, T. J., Kolden, G. G., Woods, T. E., Michels, J. L., & Klein, M. H. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg023 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Effects of performance expectancy and self-focused attention on social interaction.
Burgio, K. L., Merluzzi, T. V., & Pryor, J. B. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.50.6.1216 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
From Self-awareness to Shame-proneness: Evidence of Causal Sequence Among Women
Arndt, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2004) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/13576500342000022 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Winter, D., Herbert, C., Koplin, K., Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117083 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationChapman, A. L., Walters, K. N., & Gordon, K. L. D. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_068 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Dyer, A., Borgmann, E., Feldmann, R. E., Kleindienst, N., Priebe, K., Bohus, M., & Vocks, S. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.12.007 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Avoiding and seeking self-focused attention
Greenberg, J., & Musham, C. (1981) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(81)90018-0 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Social rejection and self- versus other-awareness
Hess, Y. D., & Pickett, C. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effects of performance expectancy and self-focused attention on social interaction.
Burgio, K. L., Merluzzi, T. V., & Pryor, J. B. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1216 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Motivational Analyses of Social Behavior
Wright, R. A., Greenberg, J., & Brehm, S. S. (2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610089 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chapman, A. L., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Butler, S. M., & Walters, K. N. (2015) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000101 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Body image and borderline personality disorder among psychiatric inpatients
Sansone, R. A., Chu, J. W., & Wiederman, M. W. (2010) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-esteem, anxiety, and the avoidance of self-focused attention
Brockner, J., & Wallnau, L. B. (1981) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(81)90026-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation: A new journal to meet a growing need
Bohus, M., Schmahl, C. G., & Oldham, J. M. (2014) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/2051-6673-1-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kleindienst, N., Priebe, K., Borgmann, E., Cornelisse, S., Krüger, A., Ebner‐Priemer, U., & Dyer, A. (2014) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/2051-6673-1-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-awareness, self-motives, and self-motivation
Silvia, P. J., & Duval, T. S. (2004) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Borgmann, E., Kleindienst, N., Vocks, S., & Dyer, A. S. (2014) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/2051-6673-1-10 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Witthöft, M., Borgmann, E., White, A. J., & Dyer, A. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.07.010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Borderline personality disorder
Bohus, M., Stoffers-Winterling, J., Sharp, C., Krause-Utz, A., Schmahl, C., & Lieb, K. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00476-1 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Daros, A. R., & Williams, G. E. (2019) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000212 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Foxhall, M., Hamilton‐Giachritsis, C., & Button, K. (2019) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12216 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Winter, D., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0771-0 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationKrause-Utz, A., Frost, R., Chatzaki, E., Winter, D., Schmahl, C. G., & Elzinga, B. M. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01246-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationChapman, A. L., Walters, K. N., & Gordon, K. L. D. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_068 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Bach, B., & Farrell, J. M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.039 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Praško, J. P., Grambal, A., Kamarádová, D., Látalová, K., Holubová, M., Marackova, M., Ocisková, M., & Šlepecký, M. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s114671 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Juurlink, T. T., Vukadin, M., Stringer, B., Westerman, M. J., Lamers, F., Anema, J. R., Beekman, A. T. F., & van Marle, H. J. F. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220233 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Dissociation, trauma, and borderline personality disorder
Krause-Utz, A. (2022) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-022-00184-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Schäflein, E., Sattel, H., Schmidt, U., & Sack, M. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1472991 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Wright, L., Lari, L., Iazzetta, S., Saettoni, M., & Gragnani, A. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2591 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Common neural responses to romantic rejection and acceptance in healthy adults
Hsu, D. T., Sankar, A., Malik, M. A., Langenecker, S. A., Mickey, B. J., & Love, T. M. (2020) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2020.1801502 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Winter, D., Koplin, K., Schmahl, C. G., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.042 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationMonéger, J., Chatard, A., & Selimbegović, L. (2022) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2126441 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Schneider, I., Herpertz, S. C., Ueltzhöffer, K. J., & Neukel, C. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01634-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Orth, L., Zweerings, J., Ibrahim, C. N., Neuner, I., & Sarkheil, P. (2020) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102324 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kot, E., Kostecka, B., Radoszewska, J., & Kucharska, K. (2023) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-023-00232-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Biermann, M., Schulze, A., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., Lyssenko, L., & Lis, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1082785 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationCarreiras, D., Castilho, P., & Cunha, M. (2021) · Psychologica · doi:10.14195/1647-8606_64-2_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The relationship between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features: A meta-analysis
Zhang, W., Hu, N., Ding, X., & Li, J. (2021) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2021.01179 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Conceptual Modelling Based on Net Refinements.
Lausen, G. (1985) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A study of sociodemographic profile, birth risk factors, and social support in personality disorders
Dar, S., Kour, S., & Wani, Z. A. (2019) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_32_18
- Authors
- Winter, D., Koplin, K., & Lis, S.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Winter, Dorina
- Venue
- Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation
- Published
- 2015-11-14
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-13
- ISSN
- 2051-6673 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4644295
- OpenAlex
- W2211871047
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, self-awareness, mirrors, social rejection, self-focus, shame, self-concept, intentional action, attentional bias
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
