The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A severe centennial-scale drought in midcontinental North America 4200 years ago and apparent global linkages
Abstract
We present evidence from a variety of physical and biological proxies for a severe drought that affected the mid-continent of North America between 4.1 and 4.3 ka. Rapid climate changes associated with the event had large and widespread ecological effects, including dune reactivation, forest fires and long-term changes in forest composition, highlighting a clear ecological vulnerability to similar future changes. Drought is also documented in the Middle East and portions of Africa and Asia, where it was similar in timing, duration and magnitude to that recorded in the central North American records. Some regions at high latitudes, including northern Europe and Siberia, experienced cooler and/or wetter conditions. Widespread mid-latitude and subtropical drought, associated with increased moisture at some high latitudes, has been linked in the instrumental record to an unusually steep sea surface temperature (SST) gradient between the tropical eastern and western Pacific Ocean (La Ninia) and increased warmth in other equatorial oceans. Similar SST patterns may have occurred at 4.2 ka, possibly associated with external forcing or amplification of these spatial modes by variations in solar irradiance or volcanism. However, changes in SST distribution bracketing the 4.2 ka event are poorly known in most regions and data are insufficient to estimate magnitude of changes in solar and volcanic forcing at this time. Further research is needed to delineate geographical patterns of moisture changes, ecological responses, possible forcing mechanisms and climatology of this severe climatic event.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate During the Holocene
Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J., Muscheler, R., Evans, M. N., Showers, W., Hoffmann, S., Lotti-Bond, R., Hajdas, I., & Bonani, G. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1065680 · Cited by 3,441
(2018) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/(issn)1944-8007 · Cited by 3,049
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
Vleeschouwer, D. D., Silva, A. D., Boulvain, F., & Claeys, P. (2010) · Cited by 3,007
Enfield, D. B., Mestas‐Nuñez, A. M., & Trimble, P. J. (2001) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2000gl012745 · Cited by 2,936
Causes of Climate Change Over the Past 1000 Years
Crowley, T. J. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.270 · Cited by 2,068
The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Wilson, E. B. (1919) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.49.1254.46-b · Cited by 1,776
Moy, C. M., Seltzer, G. O., Rodbell, D. T., & Anderson, D. M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01194 · Cited by 1,595
Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum
Gasse, F. (2000) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00061-x · Cited by 1,368
Alley, R. B., Marotzke, J., Nordhaus, W. D., Overpeck, J. T., Peteet, D. M., Pielke, R. A., Pierrehumbert, R. T., Rhines, P. B., Stocker, T. F., Talley, L. D., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1081056 · Cited by 1,331
Gupta, A. K., Anderson, D. M., & Overpeck, J. T. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01340 · Cited by 1,248
Cited by
SUDING, K. N., LAVOREL, S., CHAPIN, F. S., CORNELISSEN, J. H. C., DÍAZ, S., GARNIER, E., GOLDBERG, D., HOOPER, D. U., JACKSON, S. T., & NAVAS, M. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01557.x · Cited by 1,285
Self-citationWalker, M. J. C., Berkelhammer, M., Björck, S., Cwynar, L. C., Fisher, D. A., Long, A. J., Lowe, J. J., Newnham, R. M., Rasmussen, S. O., & Weiss, H. (2012) · Journal of Quaternary Science · doi:10.1002/jqs.2565 · Cited by 919
Ecology and the ratchet of events: Climate variability, niche dimensions, and species distributions
Jackson, S. T., Betancourt, J. L., Booth, R. K., & Gray, S. T. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0901644106 · Cited by 543
Self-citationAn Abrupt Shift in the Indian Monsoon 4000 Years Ago
Berkelhammer, M., Sinha, A., Stott, L., Cheng, H., Pausata, F. S. R., & Yoshimura, K. (2013) · Geophysical Monograph Series · doi:10.1029/2012gm001207 · Cited by 338
Holocene climate variability and change; a data-based review
Wanner, H., Mercolli, L., Grosjean, M., & Ritz, S. P. (2015) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2013-101 · Cited by 218
Metadata
- Authors
- Booth, R. K., Jackson, S. T., Forman, S. L., Kutzbach, J. E., Bettis, E. A., Kreigs, J., & Wright, D. K.
- Venue
- The Holocene
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 321-328
- ISSN
- 0959-6836 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-0911
- OpenAlex
- W1986443656
- Cited by
- 388
- References
- 65
- FWCI
- 13.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A severe centennial-scale drought in midcontinental North America 4200 years ago and apparent global linkages. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1191/0959683605hl825ft
- The paper
- Booth, R. K., Jackson, S. T., Forman, S. L., Kutzbach, J. E., Bettis, E. A., Kreigs, J., & Wright, D. K. (2005). A severe centennial-scale drought in midcontinental North America 4200 years ago and apparent global linkages. The Holocene. https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl825ft
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
