Prehistoric maritime migration in the Pacific islands: an hypothesis of ENSO forcing
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Long-distance human migration across the Pacific Ocean occurred during the late Holocene and originated almost entirely in the west. As prevailing tradewinds blow from the east, the mechanisms of prehistoric seafaring have been debated since the sixteenth century. Inadequacies in propositions of accidental or opportunistic drifting on occasional westerlies were exposed by early computer simulation. Experimental voyaging in large, fast, weatherly (windward-sailing) double-canoes, together with computer simulation incorporating canoe performance data and modern, averaged, wind conditions, has supported the traditional notion of intentional passage-making in a widely accepted hypothesis of upwind migration by strategic voyaging. The critical assumption that maritime technology and sailing conditions were effectively the same prehistorically as in the historical and modern records is, however, open to question. We propose here that maritime technology during the late-Holocene migrations did not permit windward sailing, and show that the episodic pattern of initial island colonization, which is disclosed in recent archaeological data, matches periods of reversal in wind direction toward westerlies, as inferred from the millennial-scale history of ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation).
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The dispersal throughout East Polynesia (A.D. ∼1200-1300) coincided with a period of peak El Niño occurrence during the last millennium, when increased frequencies of tropical westerly and subtropical easterly winds favored access to the more remote islands.
“Our data have narrowed the coincidence of dispersal throughout East Polynesia (A.D. ∼1200–1300) to a period of peak El Niño occurrence during the last millennium, when increased frequencies of tropical westerly and subtropical easterly winds favored access to the more remote islands (20).”
From High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia (2011) · cites this paper as [20]
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“, [68,69], which put simply, explains the pauses-and-pulses in colonization and long-distance voyaging by reference to climate-induced conditions that compelled people to increase (pulse) or decrease (pause) their activity, see also [70].”
BackgroundStraw Boats and the Proverbial Sea: A Response to ‘Island Archaeology: In Search of a New Horizon’
Fitzpatrick, S. M., Erlandson, J. M., Anderson, A., & Kirch, P. V. (2007) · Island Studies Journal · doi:10.24043/isj.209 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, R. S., Smith, S. J., Lynch, A. M., & Geils, B. W. (2010) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.05.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wrozyna, C., Frenzel, P. F., Daut, G., Mäusbacher, R., Zhu, L., & Schwalb, A. (2012) · Developments in quaternary science · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53636-5.00016-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Vegetation and environmental changes in western Chinese Loess Plateau since 13.0 ka BP
Sun, A., Feng, Z., & Ma, Y. (2010) · Journal of Geographical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11442-010-0177-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yang, Q., Jochum, K. P., Stoll, B., Weis, U., Börner, N., Schwalb, A., Frenzel, P. F., Scholz, D., Doberschütz, S., Torsten Haberzettl, A., et al. (2014) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.01.014 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cabioch, G., Wirrmann, D., Sémah, A., Corrège, T., & Cornec, F. L. (2008) · Journal de la Société des océanistes · doi:10.4000/jso.4482 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Epilogue: Changing Archaeological Perspectives upon Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands
Anderson, A. (2009) · Pacific Science · doi:10.2984/049.063.0413 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationArchaeology’s Contribution to Island Studies
Fitzpatrick, S. M. (2007) · Island Studies Journal · doi:10.24043/isj.201 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Changing perspectives upon Māori colonisation voyaging
Anderson, A. (2017) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2017.1334674 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationMeyer, M. C., Spötl, C., Mangini, A., & Tessadri, R. (2012) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Discovery of Western Oceania: A New Perspective
Avis, C., Montenegro, Á., & Weaver, A. J. (2007) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564890701518557 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kahn, J. G., & Sinoto, Y. H. (2017) · Waka Kuaka | The Journal of the Polynesian Society · doi:10.15286/jps.126.1.33-60 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sāmoan artefact provenance reveals limited artefact transfer within and beyond the archipelago
COCHRANE, E. E., & RIETH, T. M. (2016) · Archaeology in Oceania · doi:10.1002/arco.5090 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Vegetation dynamics at Raraku Lake catchment (Easter Island) during the past 34,000 years
Cañellas‐Boltà, N., Valentí Rull, A., Sáez, A., Margalef, O., Pla‐Rabès, S., Valero-Garces, B. L., & Giralt, S. (2016) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.01.019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Montenegro, Á., Niclou, A. M., Anderson, A., Fitzpatrick, S. M., & Ocobock, C. J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287290 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationSouth Pacific hydrologic and cyclone variability during the last 3000 years
Toomey, M. R., Donnelly, J. P., & Tierney, J. E. (2016) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1002/2015pa002870 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Combettes, C., Sémah, A., & Wirrmann, D. (2015) · Comptes Rendus Palevol · doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.02.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bell, A. V., Currie, T. E., Irwin, G. J., & Bradbury, C. D. (2015) · American Antiquity · doi:10.7183/0002-7316.80.2.397 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Higgins, P., Palmer, J., TURNEY, C. S. M., Andersen, M. S., & Cook, E. R. (2020) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2020gl088238 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mid-Holocene cultural dynamics and climatic change in the Western Pacific
Anderson, A., Gagan, M. K., & Shulmeister, J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088390-5.50013-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Anderson, A., Chappell, J., Gagan, M., & Grove, R.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Anderson, Atholl
- Venue
- The Holocene
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-6
- ISSN
- 0959-6836 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-0911
- OpenAlex
- W2040530913
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 111.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- The Holocene (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Global Maritime and Colonial Histories
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Maritime and Coastal Archaeology
- Keywords
- Pacific Islands, ENSO, wind direction reversal, westerlies, island colonization, Late Holocene
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