The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Computerised cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression: systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background: Computerised cognitive–behavioural therapy (CCBT) is used for treating depression and provides a potentially useful alternative to therapist cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT). Aims: To systematically review the evidence for the effectiveness of CCBT for the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Method: Electronic databases were searched to identify randomised controlled trials. Selected studies were quality assessed and data extracted by two reviewers. Results: Four studies of three computer software packages met the inclusion criteria. Comparators were treatment as usual, using a depression education website and an attention placebo. Conclusions: There is some evidence to support the effectiveness of CCBT for the treatment of depression. However, all studies were associated with considerable drop-out rates and little evidence was presented regarding participants' preferences and the acceptability of the therapy. More research is needed to determine the place of CCBT in the potential range of treatment options offered to individuals with depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The use of the Internet has been shown to be a feasible solution for the accessibility problem (18, 19).”
From Exploring the relationship between the acceptability of an internet-based intervention for depression in primary care and clinical outcomes: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Based on these results, it is important to take into account the benefit of developing interventions not only with effective treatment components but also with aspects that improve patients’ expectations and satisfaction with the intervention, because the treatments’ completion and effectiveness will improve with the acceptability of the intervention (19, 69, 83).”
From Exploring the relationship between the acceptability of an internet-based intervention for depression in primary care and clinical outcomes: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Computerised or digital CBT programmes have been shown to be effective in treating anxiety and depression in primary care settings in some21–24 but not all studies.25 26”
From A study protocol for a non-randomised comparison trial evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of a mobile cognitive-behavioural programme with integrated coaching for anxious adults in primary care (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Internet-based and computer-aided treatments have been shown to be effective in treating a wide range of psychological problems, and have effect sizes (ES) comparable to those found for more traditional types of psychological treatments [21-32].”
From Feasibility of a personal health technology-based psychological intervention for men with stress and mood problems: Randomized controlled pilot trial (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Among the wider CCBT evidence base, low uptake has been identified as a key barrier to implementation, with an average of 12% of participants offered CCBT commencing treatment [26,51,52].”
From Computerized cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression in rural areas:a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [51]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Another limitation is that the dropout rates are expected to be high (around 30%) [103].”
In the citing paper
“there is not enough data with good quality to support Overcoming Depression [8-11]”
From Meta-review of the effectiveness of computerised CBT in treating depression (2011) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“reviews have concluded that MoodGYM was effective in reducing symptoms of depression [9,11,13,14,18,19]”
From Meta-review of the effectiveness of computerised CBT in treating depression (2011) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Beating the Blues is judged to be effective [8-11]”
From Meta-review of the effectiveness of computerised CBT in treating depression (2011) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“ODIN had moderate or no significant effect [9,11,14,18]”
From Meta-review of the effectiveness of computerised CBT in treating depression (2011) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Kaltenthaler et al. [8,9] undertook two reviews for the National Institute of Health Research Health Technology Assessment Board; these comprised a wide range of computerised interventions based on CBT, and were also the basis for two other publications [10,11].”
From Meta-review of the effectiveness of computerised CBT in treating depression (2011) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)
Andrews, G., & Slade, T. (2001) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00310.x · Cited by 2,021
Crow, R. A., Gage, H., Hampson, S., Hart, J., Kimber, A., Storey, L., & Thomas, H. (2002) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta6320 · Cited by 1,267
Wykes, T., Steel, C., Everitt, B., & Tarrier, N. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm114 · Cited by 1,029
Delivering interventions for depression by using the internet: randomised controlled trial
Christensen, H. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.37945.566632.ee · Cited by 928 · cited 1×
“However, two studies reported no reasons for loss to follow-up 14,15 and none of the four studies used masked assessment of outcomes.”
BackgroundProudfoot, J., Ryden, C., Everitt, B., Shapiro, D. A., Goldberg, D., Mann, A., Tylee, A., Marks, I., & Gray, J. A. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.185.1.46 · Cited by 516 · cited 5×
“It consists of five interactive modules, which are made available sequentially on a week-by-week basis, with revision of all aspects of the programme in the sixth week.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClarke, G., Eubanks, D., Reid, E., Kelleher, C., O'Connor, E., DeBar, L. L., Lynch, F., Nunley, S., & Gullion, C. (2005) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7.2.e16 · Cited by 372 · cited 2×
“Beating the Blues consists of a 15-min introductory video and eight 1-h interactive computer sessions using CBT strategies.”
BackgroundMethodKaltenthaler, E., Brazier, J., De Nigris, E., Tumur, I., Ferriter, M., Beverley, C., Parry, G., Rooney, G., & Sutcliffe, P. (2006) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta10330 · Cited by 357
Self-citationKaltenthaler, E., Sutcliffe, P., Parry, G., Beverley, C., Rees, A., & Ferriter, M. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707002607 · Cited by 267
Self-citationClarke, G., Reid, E., Eubanks, D., O'Connor, E., DeBar, L. L., Kelleher, C., Lynch, F., & Nunley, S. (2002) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4.3.e14 · Cited by 256 · cited 4×
“12 sessions for Beating the Blues”
BackgroundInfluentialChronic fatigue syndrome and depression: conceptual and methodological ambiguities
Ray, C. (1991) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700014586 · Cited by 215
Nelson, E. A., O’Meara, S., Craig, D., Iglesias, C., Golder, S., Dalton, J., Claxton, K., Bell-Syer, S. E., Jude, E. B., Dowson, C. G., et al. (2006) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta10120 · Cited by 200
Assessing psychiatric disorder with a human interviewer or a computer.
Lewis, G. (1994) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.48.2.207 · Cited by 151
Kaltenthaler, E., Shackley, P., Stevens, K., Beverley, C., Parry, G., & Chilcott, J. (2002) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta6220 · Cited by 109
Self-citationCOMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Kaltenthaler, E., Parry, G., & Beverley, C. (2004) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246580400102x · Cited by 92
Self-citationPyne, J. M., ROST, K. M., Farahati, F., Tripathi, S. P., Smith, J. L., Williams, D. K., Fortney, J. C., & Coyne, J. C. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003332 · Cited by 70
Access and effectiveness in psychological therapies: self-help as a routine health technology
Richards, D. A., Lovell, K., & McEvoy, P. (2003) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2524.2003.00417.x · Cited by 40
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- 2001, Treatment Choice in Psychological Therapies and Counselling. Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline
- 2002, Guidance on the Use of Computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Anxiety and Depression
- Beck, 1996, Beck Depression Inventory Manual
- 2002, Improving the recognition and management of depression in primary care, Eff Health Care, 7, 1
- 2004, Checklist for Appraising RCTs
- 2004, Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Panic Disorder and Generalised Anxiety Disorder
- 2004, Depression: Management of Depression in Primary and Secondary Care
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Evaluating Digital Health Interventions
Murray, E., Hekler, E. B., Andersson, G., Collins, L. M., Doherty, A., Hollis, C., Rivera, D. E., West, R., & Wyatt, J. C. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.008 · Cited by 847
Davies, E. B., Morriss, R., & Glazebrook, C. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3142 · Cited by 499
E-Mental Health: A Rapid Review of the Literature
Lal, S., & Adair, C. E. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300009 · Cited by 417
Technologies for global health
Howitt, P. J., Darzi, A. W., Yang, G., Ashrafian, H., Atun, R. A., Barlow, J. G., Blakemore, A. I. F., Bull, A. M. J., Car, J., Conteh, L., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61127-1 · Cited by 405
Wagner, B., Horn, A. B., & Maercker, A. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.032 · Cited by 311
“Moreover, studies on entirely self-guided programs have shown not only reduced treatment effects, but also substantial attrition rates of up to 41% (Christensen et al., 2006a, 2006b; Clarke et al., 2005, 2002; Kaltenthaler et al., 2008).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kaltenthaler, E., Parry, G., Beverley, C., & Ferriter, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Rampton Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kaltenthaler, Eva
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 193
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 181-184
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2157606892
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 1.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Health Technology Assessment Programme
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- computerized cognitive behavioral therapy, depression, mild to moderate depression, online therapy, treatment effectiveness, dropout rates, acceptability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
