E-Mental Health: A Rapid Review of the Literature
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors conducted a review of the literature on e-mental health, including its applications, strengths, limitations, and evidence base. METHODS: The rapid review approach, an emerging type of knowledge synthesis, was used in response to a request for information from policy makers. MEDLINE was searched from 2005 to 2010 by using relevant terms. The search was supplemented with a general Internet search and a search focused on key authors. RESULTS: A total of 115 documents were reviewed: 94% were peer-reviewed articles, and 51% described primary research. Most of the research (76%) originated in the United States, Australia, or the Netherlands. The review identified e-mental health applications addressing four areas of mental health service delivery: information provision; screening, assessment, and monitoring; intervention; and social support. Currently, applications are most frequently aimed at adults with depression or anxiety disorders. Some interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in early trials. Many believe that e-mental health has enormous potential to address the gap between the identified need for services and the limited capacity and resources to provide conventional treatment. Strengths of e-mental health initiatives noted in the literature include improved accessibility, reduced costs (although start-up and research and development costs are necessary), flexibility in terms of standardization and personalization, interactivity, and consumer engagement. CONCLUSIONS: E-mental health applications are proliferating and hold promise to expand access to care. Further discussion and research are needed on how to effectively incorporate e-mental health into service systems and to apply it to diverse populations.
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Web-based interventions have multiple flaws, including technical difficulties, ethical concerns, increased attrition rates, and low engagement in the absence of professional support.
“Web-based interventions also have multiple flaws, including technical difficulties, ethical concerns, increased attrition rates, and low engagement in the absence of guidance by professional support [6,11].”
From Acceptability of Web-Based Mental Health Interventions in the Workplace: Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
Internet-based interventions have the potential to overcome some barriers to help-seeking by offering anonymity, privacy, accessibility, availability, and cost-effectiveness, and may be perceived as less stigmatising than face-to-face treatments.
“Internet-based interventions have the potential to overcome some of these barriers by offering anonymity, privacy, accessibility, availability, and cost-effectiveness, and may be perceived as less stigmatising than face-to-face treatments [15–18].”
Internet-based interventions are increasingly utilized to make mental health services accessible worldwide.
“As the internet-based interventions provide greater accessibility, acceptability, low cost, anonymity, and flexibility, they are increasingly utilized to make mental health services accessible worldwide.13–15”
From Technology-Based Interventions to Improve Help-Seeking for Mental Health Concerns: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
Internet-based interventions provide greater accessibility, acceptability, low cost, anonymity, and flexibility.
“As the internet-based interventions provide greater accessibility, acceptability, low cost, anonymity, and flexibility, they are increasingly utilized to make mental health services accessible worldwide.13–15”
From Technology-Based Interventions to Improve Help-Seeking for Mental Health Concerns: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
The delivery of psychological services through ICT may be an effective way of improving individual access and use of mental healthcare services.
“The delivery of psychological services—including assessment/monitoring, mental health promotion, prevention, and treatment—through information and communication technologies (ICT) may be an effective way of improving individual access and use of mental healthcare services [2].”
From Using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for Mental Health Prevention and Treatment (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
ICT-delivered psychological services have advantages related to self-monitoring integrated into treatment.
“The use of ICT-delivered psychological services has several advantages, related with increased accessibility and flexibility, self-monitoring integrated into treatment, and empowerment promotion, as well as increased novelty and appeal.”
From Using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for Mental Health Prevention and Treatment (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
ICT-delivered psychological services have challenges and limitations related to low digital literacy or safety and privacy issues.
“However, we cannot exclude that they also have challenges and limitations, related with low digital literacy or with safety and privacy issues, among others [2].”
From Using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for Mental Health Prevention and Treatment (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
ICT-delivered psychological services have advantages related to empowerment promotion.
“The use of ICT-delivered psychological services has several advantages, related with increased accessibility and flexibility, self-monitoring integrated into treatment, and empowerment promotion, as well as increased novelty and appeal.”
From Using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for Mental Health Prevention and Treatment (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
ICT-delivered psychological services have advantages related to increased novelty and appeal.
“The use of ICT-delivered psychological services has several advantages, related with increased accessibility and flexibility, self-monitoring integrated into treatment, and empowerment promotion, as well as increased novelty and appeal.”
From Using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for Mental Health Prevention and Treatment (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
ICT-delivered psychological services have advantages related to increased accessibility and flexibility.
“The use of ICT-delivered psychological services has several advantages, related with increased accessibility and flexibility, self-monitoring integrated into treatment, and empowerment promotion, as well as increased novelty and appeal.”
From Using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for Mental Health Prevention and Treatment (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Online interventions for gambling, alcohol, and illegal drug related problems have been developing at a fast pace over the past decade.
“Online interventions for gambling, alcohol, and illegal drug related problems have been developing at a fast pace over the past decade.”
From Online and Mobile Interventions for Problem Gambling, Alcohol, and Drugs: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as Lal and Adair, 2014
Online interventions first appeared in the 1990s and research on the topic multiplied between 2007 and 2010.
“These online interventions first appeared in the 1990s (Childress and Asamen, 1998) and research on the topic multiplied between 2007 and 2010 (Lal and Adair, 2014).”
From Online and Mobile Interventions for Problem Gambling, Alcohol, and Drugs: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as Lal and Adair, 2014
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Bell, I. H., Fielding-Smith, S. F., Hayward, M., Rossell, S. L., Lim, M. H., Farhall, J., & Thomas, N. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.11.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Women’s use of online resources and acceptance of e-mental health tools during the perinatal period
Fonseca, A., Gorayeb, R., & Canavarro, M. C. (2016) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.07.016 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Daily mobility patterns in patients with bipolar disorder and healthy individuals
Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Busk, J., Vinberg, M., Christensen, E. M., Þórarinsdóttir, H., Frost, M. M., Bardram, J. E., & Kessing, L. V. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.087 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Acceptability of Web-Based Mental Health Interventions in the Workplace: Systematic Review
Scheutzow, J., Attoe, C., & Harwood, J. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/34655 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Web-based interventions also have multiple flaws, including technical difficulties, ethical concerns, increased attrition rates, and low engagement in the absence of guidance by professional support [6,11].”
Backgroundvan Lotringen, C. M., Lusi, B., Westerhof, G. J., Ludden, G., Kip, H., Kelders, S. M., & Noordzij, M. L. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/42403 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Affordable Care Act, Accountable Care Organizations, and Mental Health Care for Older Adults
Bartels, S. J., Gill, L. E., & Naslund, J. A. (2015) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000086 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Strand, M., Gammon, D., & Ruland, C. M. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2176-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Implementation of e‐mental health for depression and anxiety: A critical scoping review
Ellis, L. A., Augustsson, H., Grødahl, A. I., Pomare, C., Churruca, K., Long, J. C., Ludlow, K., Zurynski, Y. A., & Braithwaite, J. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22309 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lal, S., & Adair, C. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-32
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- OpenAlex
- W2155300577
- Cited by
- 417
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 23.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Psychological Association
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- e-mental health, digital mental health interventions, depression, anxiety disorders, mental health service delivery, social support, access to mental health care, customer engagement, rapid review
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Mental Health Services, Telemedicine
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