CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 3,103Education, Achievement, and GiftednessMotivation and Self-Concept in SportsPsychological Testing and Assessment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 137 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals

Elliot, Andrew J.·1999·Educational Psychologist
DOI 10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Achievement goal researchers and theorists have relied primarily on the distinction between performance goals and mastery goals in differentiating competence-based strivings. In this article, an argument is made for incorporating the distinction between approach and avoidance motivation into the performance-mastery dichotomy. Historical, theoretical, and empirical reasons for attending to the approach-avoidance distinction are offered, and a revised, trichotomous framework of achievement goals comprising mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals is described and reviewed. This trichotomous framework is discussed in the broader context of a hierarchical model of achievement motivation that attends to the motivational foundation underlying achievement goals per se. Avenues for further theoretical development are also overviewed, including consideration of a mastery-avoidance goal construct.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3

Cites

131 of 131 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 137 references

6 of the 137 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 61

  1. Ames, C. (1984). Competitive. cooperative, and individualistic goal structures: A cognitive-motivationalanalysis.In C. Ames & R. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (Vol.3, pp. 177-207). New York: Academic.
  2. 10.1037//0022-0663.84.3.261 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Arkin R., 1981, In J. Tedeschi (Ed.), Impression management theory und social psychological research (pp., 3, 1
  4. 10.1037//0033-2909.120.3.338 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Bentham, J. (1 77911879). Introduction to the principles ofmorals and legislation.Oxford, England: Clarendon.
  6. Bergen, R. & Dweck, C. (1989). The functions ofpersonality theories.In R. Wyer & T. Srull (Eds.), Advances in social cognition: Social intelligence and cognitive assessments ofpersonality (pp.81-92). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  7. Boyatzis, R. (1973). Affiliation motivation.In D. McClelland & R. Steele (Eds.), Human motivation: A book of readings (pp. 253-276). Monistown, NJ: General Learning Press.
  8. Church, M. (1999). Classroom context and achievement behavior: The role of contextual factors in the adoption of approach and avoidance achievement goals. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.
  9. 10.1037//0022-0663.76.6.1038 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Dickinson, A. & Dearing, M. (1979). Appetitive-aversive interactions and inhibitory processes.In A. Dickinson & R. Boakes (Eds.), Mechanisms of learning and motivation (pp. 203-231). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  11. Dixon, N. (1981).Preconsciousprocessing. New York: Wiley.
  12. Dweck, C. (1984). Motivation. In R. Glasser & A. Lesgold (Eds.). The Handbook ofpsychology and education (Vol. 1, pp. 308-329).Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  13. Dweck, C. &Elliott, E. (1983). Achievement motivation.In E. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 643491). New York: Wiley.
  14. 10.1037//0033-295X.95.2.256 · DOI · Paper page
  15. 10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1282 · DOI
  16. Erickson, E. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.), New York: Norton.
  17. Festinger L., 1954, Human Relations, 7, 17
  18. Freud, S. (1947). The ego and the id. In The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. XIX).London: Hogarth. (Original work published 1923)
  19. Gray, J. (1982). The neuropsychology rfanriely: An inquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system.New York: Oxford University Press.
  20. 10.1037//0022-3514.73.6.1284 · DOI
  21. 10.1037//0012-1649.17.3.300 · DOI
  22. Henderson. V. & Dweck, C. (1990). Motivation and achievement.In S. Feldman & G. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 308-329). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  23. 10.1037//0022-3514.71.6.1062 · DOI
  24. James, W. (1890). The principles ofpsychology (Vol. 11).New York: Holt.
  25. Konorski, J. (1967). Integrativeactivityofrhe brain: An interdisciplinaryapproach.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  26. LeDoux J., 1987, Emotion. In F. Plum (Ed.), Handbook ofphysiology (Vol., 5, 419
  27. Lepper. M. (198 1). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in children: Detrimental effects of superfluous social controls. In W. Collins (Ed.), Aspects o f the development of competence: The Minnesota Symposium on Child Psyclu)logy (Vol. 14, pp. 155-214). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Inc.
  28. Lewin K., 1944, In J. M. Hunt (Ed.), Personalityand the behavior disorders (Vol., 1, 333
  29. Maehr, M. (1984). Meaning and motivation. In R. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.). Research in motivation in education: Student motivation (Vol. 1, pp. 115-144).New York: Academic.
  30. Maehr, M. (1989). Thoughts about motivation.In C. Ames & R. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: Goals and cognitions (Vol.3, pp. 299-315). New York: Academic.
  31. Maehr, M. & Nicholls, J. (1980). Culture and achievement motivation: A second look.In N. Warren (Ed.), Studies in cross-culturalpsychology (Vol. 2.221-267). New York: Academic.
  32. Markus, H., Kitayama, S. & Heiman, R. (1996). Culture andMbasic" psychological principles.In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Socialpsyt hology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 857-9 13). New York: Guilford.
  33. 10.1037//0003-066X.41.9.954 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Maslow A., 1955, In M. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol., 3, 1
  35. Meece, J. (1991). The classroom context and students" motivational goals.In M. Maehr & P. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol.7, pp. 261-286). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
  36. 10.1037//0022-0663.80.2.210 · DOI · Paper page
  37. Middleton M., 1997, Journal ofEducutiona 1 Psychology, 89, 10
  38. Midgley C., 1993, In M. Maehr & P. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in Motivation and Achievement (Vol., 8, 217
  39. Midgley, C., Maehr, M., Hicks, L., Roeser, R. Urdan, T., Anderman, E. & Kaplan, A. (1996). The patterns ofadaptive learning survey (PALS).Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  40. Miller N., 1944, In J. Hunt (Ed.), Personality and the behavioral disorders (Vol., 1, 431
  41. Nicholls J.., 1984, In J. Nicholls (Ed.), Advmces in motivation and achievement (Vol., 3, 185
  42. Nicholls, J., Patashnick, M., Cheung, P., Thorkildsen, T. & Lauer, J. (1989). Can achievement motivation succeed with only one conception of success? In F. Halisch & J. Van den Bercken (Eds.), lnternationalperspecrives on achievement motivation (pp. 187-208).Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
  43. 10.1037//0022-0663.77.6.683 · DOI
  44. Ogbu, J. (1986). The consequences of the American caste system.In U. Neisser (Ed.), The school achievement of minority children: New perspectives (pp. 19-56). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  45. Overmier, J. & Archer, T. (1989). Historical perspectives on the study of aversively motivated behavior: History and new look.In T. Archer & L. Nilsson (Eds.), Aversion, avoidance, and anxiety: Perspectives on aversively motivated behavior (pp. 3-39). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  46. Pintrich P. R., 1991, In M. Maehr & P. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in MotivationandAchievement(Vol., 7, 371
  47. Rothbart, M. & Mauro, J. (1990). Questionnaire measures of infant temperament.In J. Fagen & J. Columbo (Eds.), Individual d~flerences in infancy: Reliability, stability, and prediction (pp.411-429). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  48. 10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.3 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Rotter, J. (1954). Social learningandclinicalpsychology.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  50. Schneirla T., 1959, In Nebrasku Symposium on Motivation (Vol., 4, 1
  51. 10.1037//0022-0663.89.1.71 · DOI
  52. 10.1037//0022-3514.69.5.797 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Stein, N. & Jewett, J. (1986). Aconceptual analysis ofthemeaning of basic negative emotions: Implications for a theory of development. In C. Izard & P. Read (Eds.). Measurement of emotion in infants and children (Vol. 2, pp. 238-267).New York: Cambridge University Press.
  54. Tedeschi, J. & Norman, N. (1985). Social power, self-presentation, and the self.In B. Schlenker (Ed.), The selfand social life (pp. 293-322). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  55. Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety with and emphasis on self-report.In A. Tuma & J. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorder (pp. 681-706). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  56. Tesser, A, &Martin, L. (1996). The psychology of evaluation.In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 4 W3 2 ) . New York: Guilford.
  57. Urdan. T. (1997). Achievement goal theory: Past results, future directions.In M. Maehr & P. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in motivation andachievement (Vol.10, pp. 243-229). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
  58. 10.1037//0022-0663.81.2.131 · DOI
  59. 10.1037//0022-0663.90.2.202 · DOI · Paper page
  60. Willig A., 1983, Hispanic, and Anglo children. American Educational Research Journal, 20, 385
  61. Zuckerman, M. (1991). Psychobiology ofpersonaliry.Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,004

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Elliot, A. J.
Affiliations
University of Rochester (US)
Corresponding author
Elliot, Andrew J.
ORCID
Elliot, Andrew J.
Venue
Educational Psychologist
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
1999-06
Volume
34
Issue
3
Pages
169-189
ISSN
  • 0046-1520 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-6985
DOI
10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3
OpenAlex
W1967940801
Cited by
3,103
References
137
Citations by year
2026: 98 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 161 · 2020: 181 · 2019: 168 · 2018: 144 · 2017: 153 · 2016: 184 · 2015: 194 · 2014: 182 · 2013: 181 · 2012: 166
FWCI
26.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Educational Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords
approach motivation, avoidance motivation, achievement goals, mastery goals, performance goals, performance-avoidance goals, mastery-avoidance goals

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review