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Cited by 3,103Education, Achievement, and GiftednessMotivation and Self-Concept in SportsPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals

Elliot, Andrew J.·1999·Educational Psychologist
DOI 10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3
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Abstract

Achievement goal researchers and theorists have relied primarily on the distinction between performance goals and mastery goals in differentiating competence-based strivings. In this article, an argument is made for incorporating the distinction between approach and avoidance motivation into the performance-mastery dichotomy. Historical, theoretical, and empirical reasons for attending to the approach-avoidance distinction are offered, and a revised, trichotomous framework of achievement goals comprising mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals is described and reviewed. This trichotomous framework is discussed in the broader context of a hierarchical model of achievement motivation that attends to the motivational foundation underlying achievement goals per se. Avenues for further theoretical development are also overviewed, including consideration of a mastery-avoidance goal construct.

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Metadata

Authors
Elliot, A. J.
Affiliations
University of Rochester (US)
Corresponding author
Elliot, Andrew J.
ORCID
Elliot, Andrew J.
Venue
Educational Psychologist
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
1999-06
Volume
34
Issue
3
Pages
169-189
ISSN
  • 0046-1520 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-6985
DOI
10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3
OpenAlex
W1967940801
Cited by
3,103
References
137
Citations by year
2026: 98 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 161 · 2020: 181 · 2019: 168 · 2018: 144 · 2017: 153 · 2016: 184 · 2015: 194 · 2014: 182 · 2013: 181 · 2012: 166
FWCI
26.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Educational Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords
approach motivation, avoidance motivation, achievement goals, mastery goals, performance goals, performance-avoidance goals, mastery-avoidance goals

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