Cited by 661Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

Vlachopoulos, Symeon P., Michailidou, Sotiria·2006·Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science

DOI 10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4

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Abstract

The development process and initial validation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) are presented in this study. The BPNES is a domain-specific self-report instrument designed to assess perceptions of the extent to which the innate needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Deci & Ryan, 2000) are satisfied in exercise. Two separate samples of 508 and 504 participants were employed from private fitness centers for scale calibration and validation purposes, respectively. The results demonstrated an adequate factor structure, internal consistency, generalizability of the factor dimensionality across the calibration and the validation samples, discriminant validity and predictive validity; acceptable stability of the BPNES scores over 4 weeks also was found. In addition, the scale scores were found to be largely unaffected by socially desirable responding and specifically the tendency for impression management.

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“participants [67,68].”
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BackgroundResult
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Method
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BackgroundInfluential
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“Need Satisfaction Autonomy, competence, and relatedness need satisfaction were assessed using the Spanish adaptation for PE context [19] of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) [20].”
Method
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Background
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Method
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Method
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Method
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MethodInfluential
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“In the two secondary factors, the task climate obtained Cronbach’s alpha values of .84 and the ego climate of .69, respectively Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES).”
Method
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“Assim sendo e à semelhança dos procedimentos adoptados na validação preliminar do questionário, quer da versão original (BPNES: Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006), quer da versão portuguesa (BPNESp: Moutão et al., 2008), recorremos à análise factorial exploratória (AFE), realizada no SPSS 15.0, para…”
BackgroundInfluential
Validation of the Satisfaction Scale of Basic Psychological Needs in Physical Education with the Incorporation of the Novelty in the Spanish Context
Trigueros, R., Mínguez-Mínguez, L. A., Gonzalez-Bernal, J. J., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Padilla, D., & Hernández, J. Á. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11226250 · Cited by 26
Effects of Motivation, Basic Psychological Needs, and Teaching Competence on Disruptive Behaviours in Secondary School Physical Education Students
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“The Spanish version of the Basic Psychological Needs Measurement Scale [25] was used, adapted from the original Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) [38].”
Method
The prediction of thriving in elite sport: A prospective examination of the role of psychological need satisfaction, challenge appraisal, and salivary biomarkers
Brown, D. J. W., Arnold, R., Standage, M., Turner, J. E., & Fletcher, D. (2020) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.019 · Cited by 26
Differences in participation across physical activity contexts between adolescents with and without disability over three years: a self-determination theory perspective
Bentzen, M., & Malmquist, L. K. (2021) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1894489 · Cited by 27
“Normal distribution was assessed through analyses of skewness and kurtosis for each of the four items within each BPNES subscale, in each activity context across the three time points.”
BackgroundInfluential
A person-centred approach to understanding dark-side antecedents and students’ outcomes associated with physical education teachers’ motivation
Álvarez, E. F., López, J. C., Gómez, V., & Spray, C. M. (2021) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102021 · Cited by 36
Measuring understanding of nanoscience and nanotechnology: development and validation of the nano-knowledge instrument (NanoKI)
Schönborn, K. J., Höst, G., & Palmerius, K. L. (2015) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c4rp00241e · Cited by 26
Exercise Motivation and Social Physique Anxiety In Adolescents
Sicilia, Á., Sáenz-Álvarez, P., González‐Cutre, D., & Ferriz, R. (2014) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.ai · Cited by 32
“Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
Background
Physical activity and motivational predictors of changes in health behavior and health among DM 2 and CAD patients
Halvari, H., Healey, J. S., Olafsen, A. H., Byrkjeland, R., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12757 · Cited by 34
“Basic psychological need satisfaction in physical activity (T1 and T2) was measured with the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale (Vlachopoulos & Michalidiou, 2006).”
Method
A Cluster Analysis on Students’ Perceived Motivational Climate. Implications on Psycho-Social Variables
Fernández‐Río, J., Mendez‐Giménez, A., & Estrada, J. A. C. (2014) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2014.21 · Cited by 27
“The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise (BPNES; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) was validated to Spanish physical education contexts by Moreno, González-Cutre, Chillón, and Parra (2008).”
BackgroundMethod
Self-determination and physical exercise adherence in the contexts of fitness academies and personal training
Klain, I. P., de Matos, D. G., Leitão, J. C., Cid, L., & Moutão, J. (2015) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.1515/hukin-2015-0052 · Cited by 25
“…Needs in the Exercise Scale – a Portuguese (BPNESp) version: is a selfreport instrument developed specifically for the context of physical exercise by Vlachopoulos and Michailidou (2006), subsequently translated and validated for the Portuguese language (Moutão et al., 2012d); it is used to…”
The Relationship of Physical Activity and the Built Environment within the Context of Self-Determination Theory
Gay, J. L., Saunders, R. P., & Dowda, M. C. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9292-y · Cited by 25
“The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale [28] consists of twelve items, four each for autonomy (e.g., “I am given chances to make choices about the way I exercise”), competence (e.g., “I am skilled at doing the exercises inmy exercise program), and relatedness (e.g., “I get along with the other exercise partici…”
BackgroundInfluential
Análisis de los perfiles motivacionales y su relación con los comportamientos adaptativos en las clases de educación física
Sánchez‐Oliva, D., Marcos, F. M. L., Alonso, D. A., González, J. J. P., & García‐Calvo, T. (2015) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.1016/j.rlp.2015.06.007 · Cited by 30
The German Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale
Rackow, P., Scholz, U., & Hornung, R. (2013) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000107 · Cited by 26
Why Don’t You Exercise? Development of the Amotivation Toward Exercise Scale among Older Inactive Individuals
Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Gigoudi, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.16.3.316 · Cited by 26
“Reliability and validity evidence for this scale have been provided with Greek-speaking exercise participants by Vlachopoulos and Michailidou (2006).”
MethodSelf-citation
Development of Positive Emotions in Physical Education: Person-Centred Approach for Understanding Motivational Stability and Change
Løvoll, H. S., Bentzen, M., & Säfvenbom, R. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2019.1639818 · Cited by 24
And How Would That Make You Feel? How People Expect Nudges to Influence Their Sense of Autonomy
Wachner, J., Adriaanse, M. A., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607894 · Cited by 31
Levels of Somatic Anxiety, Cognitive Anxiety, and Self-Efficacy in University Athletes from a Spanish Public University and Their Relationship with Basic Psychological Needs
Rubio, I. M., Ángel, N. G., Silva, S., & Brito‐Costa, S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032415 · Cited by 41
Influence of motivational processes on enjoyment, boredom and intention to persist in young sportspersons
González, J. J. P., Sánchez‐Oliva, D., Alonso, D. A., González‐Ponce, I., & Miguel, P. A. S. (2014) · South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation · Cited by 24
Versión española de la escala de necesidades psicológicas básicas en educación física / Spanish Version Of The Basic Psychological Needs In Physical Education Scale
Santurio, J. I. M., & Fernández‐Río, J. (2018) · Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte · doi:10.15366/rimcafd2018.69.008 · Cited by 23
Social Physique Anxiety and Intention to Be Physically Active: A Self-Determination Theory Approach
Sicilia, Á., Sáenz-Álvarez, P., González‐Cutre, D., & Ferriz, R. (2016) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2016.1213351 · Cited by 27
“These results are in keeping with prior crosssectional studies in exercise settings showing that basic psychological need satisfaction is associated with selfdetermined exercise motives, with a weaker predictive influence on controlling motives (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
MethodResult
CONSECUENCIAS PSICOSOCIALES AUTODETERMINADAS MEDIANTE LA PROMOCIÓN DE RESPONSABILIDAD EN EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA
Merino-Barrero, J. A., Valero-Valenzuela, A., & Belando‐Pedreño, N. (2019) · Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte · doi:10.15366/rimcafd2019.75.003 · Cited by 27
Which School Community Agents Influence Adolescents’ Motivational Outcomes and Physical Activity? Are More Autonomy-Supportive Relationships Necessarily Better?
Sevil‐Serrano, J., García‐González, L., Abós, Á., Lanaspa, E. G., & Solana, A. A. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15091875 · Cited by 23
“Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in LTPA Students’ perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness satisfaction in LTPA were assessed using the Spanish version [35] of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) [36].”
Method
Motives, Motivation and Exercise Behavioral Regulations in CrossFit and Resistance Training Participants
Marin, D. P., Polito, L. F. T., Foschini, D., Urtado, C. B., & Otton, R. (2018) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2018.914166 · Cited by 31
“…(BPNES) DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.914166 2873 Psychology is a self-report instrument developed specifically for the context of physical exercise by Vlachopoulos and Michailidou (2009), subsequently translated and validated for the Portuguese language (Moutão, Cid, Leitão, Alves, & Vlachopoulos,…”
MethodInfluential
Creativity associated with the application of a motivational intervention programme for the teaching of dance at school and its effect on the both genders
Alonso, D. A., Miguel, P. A. S., & Molero, P. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174393 · Cited by 28
A-Judo: An Innovative Intervention Programme to Prevent Bullying Based on Self-Determination Theory—A Pilot Study
Montero-Carretero, C., Roldán, A., Zandonai, T., & Cervelló, E. M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13052727 · Cited by 22
“The Spanish version of the basic psychological needs in Exercise Scale [72], adapted to the context of PE by Moreno et al. [73], was used.”
Method
Adolescent Connectedness: A Scoping Review of Available Measures and Their Psychometric Properties
Too, E. K., Chongwo, E. J., Mabrouk, A., & Abubakar, A. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856621 · Cited by 24
Exploring the Influence of YouTube on Digital Health Literacy and Health Exercise Intentions: The Role of Parasocial Relationships
Kim, J., Youm, H., Kim, S., Choi, H.-J., Kim, D., Shin, S., & Chung, J. (2024) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs14040282 · Cited by 26
“…aspects were significant but relatively lower compared to the cognitive, indicating that the ability to understand and interpret health information may be more critical in forming the intention for ongoing participation in health exercise than technical skills or information evaluation abilities.”
Background
Motivación y estadios de cambio para el ejercicio físico en adolescentes
Castuera, R. J., Navarrete, B. M., Román, M. L., & Rabaz, F. C. (2015) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.1016/j.rlp.2014.11.001 · Cited by 22
Predicting Satisfaction in Physical Education Classes: A Study Based on Self-Determination Theory
Ferriz, R. (2013) · The Open Education Journal · doi:10.2174/1874920820130705001 · Cited by 26
Dutch homeless people 2.5 years after shelter admission: what are predictors of housing stability and housing satisfaction?
van Straaten, B., van der Laan, J., Rodenburg, G., Boersma, S. N., Wolf, J., & van de Mheen, D. (2016) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12361 · Cited by 22
Can Physical Education Contribute to Learning English? Structural Model from Self-Determination Theory
Extremera, A. B., Granero‐Gallegos, A., Baños, R., & Camacho, M. D. M. O. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10103613 · Cited by 25
Effects of a Sport Education Model-Based Teaching Intervention on Students’ Behavioral and Motivational Outcomes within the Physical Education Setting in the COVID-19 Scenario
Álvarez, E. F., Pérez, C. T., González-Peño, A., & López, J. C. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132212468 · Cited by 30
Proyecto África “La Leyenda de Faro”: Efectos de una metodología basada en la gamificación sobre la motivación situacional respecto al contenido de expresión corporal en Educación Secundaria (Africa Project "La Leyenda de Faro": Effects of a methodology
Real-Pérez, M., Sánchez‐Oliva, D., & Moledo, C. P. (2021) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v42i0.86124 · Cited by 22
“Satisfacción de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas Utilizamos la versión traducida al castellano y adaptada a la Educación Física (Moreno, González-Cutre, Chillón, & Parra, 2008) de la Escala de Medición de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas (BPNES; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
Background
Self-determined Engagement in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors of US College Students
Quartiroli, A., & Maeda, H. (2014) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/svgj1383 · Cited by 28
“International Journal of Exercise Science http://www.intjexersci.com BPNES (34) is a self-report instrument developed specifically for the context of exercise to evaluate participants’ perceived psychological need fulfillment in exercise.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of cooperative learning on perceived competence, motivation, social goals, effort and boredom in prospective Primary Education teachers / Efectos del aprendizaje cooperativo sobre la competencia percibida, la motivación, las relaciones sociales, el esfuerzo y el aburrimiento de futuros docentes de Educación Primaria
Fernández‐Río, J., Estrada, J. A. C., & Mendez‐Giménez, A. (2014) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1080/02103702.2014.881650 · Cited by 32
Clarifying the influence of sport education on basic psychological need satisfaction in high school students
Burgueño, R., Cueto-Martín, B., Morales-Ortíz, E., Silva, P. C., & Medina-Casaubón, J. (2018) · Motricidade · doi:10.6063/motricidade.13318 · Cited by 24
“The Spanish version adapted to PE (Moreno, González-Cutre, Chillón-Garzón, & Parra-Rojas, 2008) of the Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) was used.”
Method
Need Satisfaction and Need Thwarting in Physical Education and Intention to be Physically Active
Cuevas, R., Bustos, J. G. F., González‐Cutre, D., & Martínez, A. H. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12187312 · Cited by 23
“[43] found adequate reliability (Cronbach’s alphas coefficients above 0.”
BackgroundMethod
Level up the life!! Leisure Involvement, Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction among University Students
Kara, F. M., & Sarol, H. (2021) · Higher Education Studies · doi:10.5539/hes.v11n4p91 · Cited by 22
“Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) is a self-report measure designed to assess the extent to which the innate psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are fulfilled by exercise.”
BackgroundInfluential
2×2 Dominant achievement goal profiles in high‐level swimmers
Fernández‐Río, J., Estrada, J. A. C., Mendez‐Giménez, A., Fernández‐Garcia, B., & Saavedra, P. (2013) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2013.819383 · Cited by 21
“The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise questionnaire (BPNES; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) measures competence, autonomy and relatedness.”
High school physical education
Stormoen, S., Urke, H. B., Tjomsland, H. E., Wold, B., & Diseth, Å. (2015) · European Physical Education Review · doi:10.1177/1356336x15612023 · Cited by 33
“The Norwegian version of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale (BPNES) was applied (Vlachopoulos and Michailidou, 2006).”
MethodResult
Mathematics Anxiety, Motivation and The Basic Psychological Needs from the Perspective of Self-Determination Theory
Durmaz, M., & Akkuş, R. (2016) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2016.2942 · Cited by 26
“The first need, relatedness, is about individual’s emotion that he or she feels being loved by the ones who he or she cares and has relationship with (Vlachopoulos and Michailidou, 2006).”
Background
Modelo causal de la satisfacción con la vida en adolescentes de educación física
Murcia, J. A. M., & Vera, J. A. M. (2011) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · doi:10.1387/revpsicodidact.806 · Cited by 20
Implementing a Teacher-Focused Intervention in Physical Education to Increase Pupils’ Motivation towards Dance at School
Alonso, D. A., Molero, P., Álvarez, F. D. V., Tapia‐Serrano, M. Á., & Miguel, P. A. S. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12114550 · Cited by 27

Authors: Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Michailidou, S.
Affiliations: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
ORCID: Vlachopoulos, Symeon P.
Venue: Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2006-09
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: 179-201
ISSN: 1091-367X (ISSN-L)
1532-7841
DOI: 10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4
OpenAlex: W1998733243
Cited by: 661
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 8.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: autonomy, competence, relatedness, self-determination theory, exercise motivation, scale development, psychometric validation, impression management, social desirability bias

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Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

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