Cited by 661Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

Vlachopoulos, Symeon P., Michailidou, Sotiria·2006·Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science

DOI 10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4

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Abstract

The development process and initial validation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) are presented in this study. The BPNES is a domain-specific self-report instrument designed to assess perceptions of the extent to which the innate needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Deci & Ryan, 2000) are satisfied in exercise. Two separate samples of 508 and 504 participants were employed from private fitness centers for scale calibration and validation purposes, respectively. The results demonstrated an adequate factor structure, internal consistency, generalizability of the factor dimensionality across the calibration and the validation samples, discriminant validity and predictive validity; acceptable stability of the BPNES scores over 4 weeks also was found. In addition, the scale scores were found to be largely unaffected by socially desirable responding and specifically the tendency for impression management.

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Method
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Method
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“All participants completed validated web-based versions of the following instruments: Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006), Behavioural Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2; Markland & Tobin, 2004) and Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire…”
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“To assess the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, the Spanish version [46] of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) [47] was used.”
Method
ANÁLISIS DE LA PERCEPCIÓN DEL CLIMA MOTIVACIONAL, NECESIDADES PSICOLÓGICAS BÁSICAS, MOTIVACIÓN AUTODETERMINADA Y CONDUCTAS DE DISCIPLINA DE ESTUDIANTES ADOLESCENTES EN LAS CLASES DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA
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“Physical education (PE) in particular is a subject that can have a positive impact on a student’s self-esteem, especially if decision making is encouraged through teaching–learning situations where autonomy [5–7] and the perception of competence [8] are favoured.”
Background
Género y motivación situacional en Educación Física: claves para el desarrollo de estrategias de intervención. [Gender and situational motivation in physical education: the key to the development of intervention strategies].
Sevil, J., Abós, Á., Julián, J. A., Murillo, B., & García-González, L. (2015) · RICYDE Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte · doi:10.5232/ricyde2015.04106 · Cited by 20
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“These results are in line with the ones reported in different studies that used the BPNES, namely the original version (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006), the Portuguese version (Moutão et al., 2012) and the Spanish version (Moreno-Murcia, Galindo, Pérez, Marcos, & Borges, 2012).”
MethodResultInfluential
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“Moreover, the correlations among the three latent factors were positive and significant, in a similar line as the findings with the original scale and in other studies that measured the three basic psychological needs (Moreno, González-Cutre, et al., 2008; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Effects of an Interpersonal Style Intervention for Coaches on Young Soccer Players’ Motivational Processes
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Method
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“Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES; Vlachopoulos and Michailidou, 2006).”
Background
Exploring Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents with Disabilities: A Bibliometric Review of Current Status, Guidelines, Perceived Barriers, and Facilitators and Future Directions
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“…needs, which were mediated by the contextual background) and if we know how the levels of self-determination are associated with the psychological functioning, we may predict the impact of the different types of motivation in the provoked consequences (Vlachopoulos and Michailidou, 2006).”
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“, 2001) and for which related scales have been supported (Vlachopoulos and Michailidou, 2006; van den Broeck et al., 2010; Ng et al., 2011; Brien et al., 2012).”
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Autonomy Support, Motivation, Satisfaction and Physical Activity Level in Physical Education Class
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“…to assess basic psychological needs in physical education (NPBEF), adapted for Portuguese by Pires, Luís, Borrego, Alves, and Silva (2010) from the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNESp) (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) and validated for the Brazilian population by Lettnin (2013).”
Method
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“The basic psychological needs questionnaire was adapted from Vlachopoulos and Michailidou (2006) and consisted of 11 items.”
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Method
Virtual group-based walking intervention for persons with schizophrenia: A pilot randomized controlled trial
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“Vlachopoulos, and Michailidou (2006) [49] 2.”
Method
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Abós, Á., Sevil‐Serrano, J., Sanz-Remacha, M., Solana, A. A., & García‐González, L. (2015) · RICYDE Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte · doi:10.5232/ricyde2016.04304 · Cited by 21
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Flourishing, Affect, and Relative Autonomy in Adult Exercisers: A Within-Person Basic Psychological Need Fulfillment Perspective
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“The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) The BPNES, developed by Vlachopoulos and Michailidou [24] and translated into Turkish by Vlachopoulos et al. [25], assessed the basic psychological needs of the participants in exercise settings.”
Method
Basic psychological needs of in-service EFL teachers in blended professional training: voices of teachers and learners
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Method
Tracing Adolescent Girls' Motivation Longitudinally: From FitClub Participation to Leisure-Time Physical Activity
Laroche, J.-A., Girard, S., & Lemoyne, J. (2019) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512519864194 · Cited by 17
“Within the TCM, the SDT (Deci & Ryan, 1980) emphasis on basic psychological need satisfaction led us to assess this variable first, using the French version of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
Method
Examining the Role of Physical Activity on Psychological Well-Being and Mental Health Postpartum
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BackgroundInfluential
Testing a circular, feedback model in physical education from self-determination theory
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Method
Motivations for running in men: A comparative analysis of local runners and sports tourists
Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., & Poczta, J. (2019) · Turyzm/Tourism · doi:10.18778/0867-5856.29.2.07 · Cited by 18
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“Original validation study (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) and cross-cultural invariance studies (e.g., Vlachopoulos et al., 2013) reported that the scale had satisfactory internal consistency (a > .70) and, recently, Rodrigues et al. (2021) demonstrated acceptable psychometric proprieties in…”
Motivación autodeterminada en adultos mayores practicantes de ejercicio físico
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““ Interest ” is understood to be a preference for certain activities, re ﬂ ecting a sense of acting in accord with one ’ s own desire (Schiefele, 1991), which is closely related to autonomy (Reeve & Jang, 2006; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006; Wang et al., 2016).”
Background
Impact of Teachers’ Autonomy Support in Students’ Basic Psychological Needs, Intrinsic Motivation and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity
Carriedo, A., Estrada, J. A. C., Mendez‐Giménez, A., Sanabrias-Moreno, D., & de Mesa, C. G. G. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10030489 · Cited by 14
“This was based on the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale [25] and its validated Spanish version [26] to measure the situational competence, autonomy, and relatedness in primary education students.”
BackgroundMethod
Understanding the effect of video conferencing learning environments on students' engagement: The role of basic psychological needs
Shi, Y., Cheng, Q., Wei, Y., Tong, M., & Yao, H. (2023) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12880 · Cited by 14
Actividad física en tiempo libre en estudiantes universitarios Colombianos (Leisure-time physical activity in Colombian university students)
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“Para medir la satisfacción de los estudiantes en ámbitos físicodeportivos, se utilizó la versión validada al contexto español (Sánchez & Núñez Alonso, 2007) de la Escala de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en el Ejercicio (BPNES) (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
Background
Modelo de predicción de los estilos de vida saludables a través de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación de estudiantes de Educación Física
Román, M. L., Batista, M., & Jiménez‐Castuera, R. (2019) · Revista de Psicodidáctica · doi:10.1016/j.psicod.2019.05.002 · Cited by 24
“ACTIVE VALUES”: An Interdisciplinary Educational Programme to Promote Healthy Lifestyles and Encourage Education in Values—A Rationale and Protocol Study
Jiménez-Parra, J. F., Belando‐Pedreño, N., Fernández, J. L., Vélez, A. J. G., & Valenzuela, A. V. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12168073 · Cited by 16
Uncovering the Heterogeneity in Fitness App Use: A Latent Class Analysis of Chinese Users
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“Autonomy: as one of the key constructs in self-determination theory, autonomy was measured according to the four items (“highly compatible with my choices and interests,” “fits perfectly the way I prefer to exercise,” “definitely an expression of myself,” and “affording the opportunity to make choices”) adapted from a…”
Method
An Examination of Coach and Player Relationships According to the Adapted LMX 7 Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study
Caliskan, G. (2015) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2014.977996 · Cited by 14
“However, it is believed that these players can meet their basic needs and require more motivational outcomes than relationship quality (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
Background
Basic Psychological Needs in Predicting Exercise Participation
Martínez, J. V. C., Oberle, C. D., & Nagurney, A. J. (2013) · Advances in Physical Education · doi:10.4236/ape.2013.31004 · Cited by 16
“In addition, many of the past studies were conducted in countries outside of the United States, calling into question the generalizability of SDT in predicting exercise behaviors (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
Result
Problematic Factorial Validity of Three Language Versions of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS): Why and What are the Implications?
Schutte, L., Wissing, M. P., & Ellis, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9861-2 · Cited by 18
Self-determined motivation and life satisfaction in Portuguese veterans athletes
Batista, M., Castuera, R. J., Román, M. L., Carrón, M. I. A., & Muñoz, S. L. (2017) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v0i32.52010 · Cited by 14
“This instrument was developed by Vlachopoulos & Michailidou (2006) specifically for the physical exercise context, as well as translated and validated preliminarily for the Portuguese population, first using an exploratory factor analysis (Moutão, Cid, Leitão & Alves, 2008) and after using a…”
Method
Preliminary Empirical Validation of the “Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale” With a Sample of Spanish Athletes
Francisco, C. D., Parra-Plaza, F. J., Arce, C., & Conesa, M. D. P. V. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01057 · Cited by 22
Assessment of the basic psychological needs in physical education according to age, gender and educational stage
Navarro-Patón, R., Lago‐Ballesteros, J., Basanta-Camiño, S., & Arufe-Giráldez, V. (2018) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.14198/jhse.2018.133.20 · Cited by 14
“More specifically, an adaptation to EF of the scale of basic psychological needs on the Vlachopoulos and Michailidou (2006) exercise by Moreno et al. (2008).”
El modelo de Educación Deportiva en la escuela rural: amistad, responsabilidad y necesidades psicológicas básicas (The Sport Education model in a rural school: friendship, responsibility and psychological basic needs)
Molina, M., Gutiérrez, D., Segovia, Y., & Hopper, T. (2020) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v38i38.73685 · Cited by 28
Analysing the Influence of Autonomous and Controlling Social Factors Within the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Sicilia, Á., Sáenz-Álvarez, P., González‐Cutre, D., & Ferriz, R. (2015) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12077 · Cited by 22
Self-Determination Theory in Cross-Cultural Research
Lynch, M. F. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197600047.013.51 · Cited by 14
Reliability, Familiarization Effect, and Comparisons Between a Predetermined and a Self-Determined Isometric-Squat Testing Protocol
McGoldrick, C. D., Iacono, A. D., Morgan, O. J., Nayler, J., Buchanan, J., McCart, C., & Unnithan, V. B. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0480 · Cited by 13
Effects of active video games on mental health among college students: a systematic review
Zhao, Y., Soh, K. G., Saad, H. A., Rong, W., Liu, C., & Wang, X. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21011-9 · Cited by 24
“…r t C o mm i t m e n t Q u e s t i o nn a i r e 2 [ 146 ] ; B P N E S , B a s i c P s y c h o l o g i c a l N ee d s i n E x e r c i s e S c a l e [ 166 ] ; B R E Q - 2 , T h e B e h a v i o u r a l R e g u l a t i o n i n E x e r c i s e Q u e s t i o nn a i r e 2 s c a l e [ 96 ] ; P E SS , P e…”
Facilitating physical activity and reducing symptoms in patients with knee osteoarthritis: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial to test a theory-based PrevOP-psychological adherence program (PrevOP-PAP)
Knoll, N., Hohl, D. H., Motter, S., Keller, J., Lange, D., Felsenberg, D., Martus, P., Ertel, W., & Schwarzer, R. (2018) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-018-2158-8 · Cited by 14
The Influence of Psychological Needs and Exercise Motivation on Exercise Dependence among Chinese College Students
Li, M. (2018) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-018-9595-2 · Cited by 13
The importance of assigning responsibility during evaluation in order to increase student satisfaction from physical education classes: A structural equation model
Román, M. L., Muñoz, S. L., BAUTISTA, M., Castuera, R. J., & Susana Lobato, M. B. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209398 · Cited by 18
Green Purchase Behavior: the Predictive Roles of Consumer Self-Determination, Perceived Customer Effectiveness and Perceived Price
Amenuvor, F. E., Owusu-Antwi, K., Bae, S.-C., Shin, S. K. S., & Basilisco, R. (2019) · International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) · doi:10.18535/ijsrm/v7i10.em05 · Cited by 13
Social support by teacher and motivational profile of Higher Education students
Murcia, J. A. M., & Santamaría, M. C. (2021) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.25115/psye.v1i1.2658 · Cited by 13
Short- and longer-term psychological and behavioral effects of exergaming and traditional aerobic training: A randomized controlled trial
Hwang, Y., Deng, Y., Manninen, M., Waller, S., Evans, E. M., Schmidt, M. D., Chen, S., & Yli-Piipari, S. R. (2022) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2021.2025135 · Cited by 13
“Psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness were assessed using the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (12 statements, 4 for each sub-components) (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
Method
Factorial validity and measurement invariance of the psychological need satisfaction in exercise scale across gender
Sabo, A., Kueh, Y. C., Musa, R. M., Lu, F. J.-H., & Kuan, G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269155 · Cited by 13
“The PNSE was originally developed and confirmed to be a valid, reliable instrument among Canadian exercise participants [24], while the BPNES was originally developed and confirmed to be a valid, reliable instrument among Greek exercise participants [23].”
Influential
Confirmation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) With a Sample of People who do Healthy Exercise.
Murcia, J. A. M., Galindo, C. M., Moreno-Pérez, V., Marcos, P. J., & Borges, F. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 13
ADAPTACIÓN A LA EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA DE LA ESCALA DE LAS NECESIDADES PSICOLÓGICAS BÁSICAS EN EL EJERCICIO ADAPTATION OF THE BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS IN EXERCISE SCALE TO PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Murcia, J. A. M., González‐Cutre, D., Nicolás, G. Y., & Rojas, P. (2008) · Cited by 13
Predicción de la intención de ser físicamente activo del alumnado de Educación Física: un modelo mediado por la necesidad de novedad (Prediction of physical education students’ intention to be physically active: A model mediated by the need for novelty)
Fernández-Espínola, C., Almagro, B. J., & Tamayo-Fajardo, J. A. (2020) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v37i37.70946 · Cited by 18
Development of basic psychological need satisfaction in physical education
Erdvik, I. B., Haugen, T., Ivarsson, A., & Säfvenbom, R. (2019) · Journal for Research in Arts and Sports Education · doi:10.23865/jased.v3.1375 · Cited by 13
Students’ Quality of Mathematical Discussion and Their Self-Determination in Mathematics
Kosko, K. W., & Wilkins, J. L. M. (2012) · Investigations in Mathematics Learning · doi:10.1080/24727466.2012.11790314 · Cited by 15
“The survey has been validated in various versions (e.g., La Guardia, Ryan, Couchman, & Deci, 2000; Gagane, 2003; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) and assesses the survey-taker’s perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness in a given context.”
MethodResultInfluential
Profile analysis through self-determination theory and intention to be physically active: differences according to gender and age
Manzano-Sánchez, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1277532 · Cited by 16
The Development of a Social Networking–Based Relatedness Intervention Among Young, First-Time Blood Donors: Pilot Study
Frye, V. A., Duffy, L., France, J. L., Kessler, D. A., Rebosa, M., Shaz, B. H., Carlson, B. W., & France, C. R. (2018) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/publichealth.8972 · Cited by 12
“The donor relatedness measure (Multimedia Appendix 1) was adapted from several sources [26-28].”
Protocolo de estudio cuasi-experimental para promover un estilo interpersonal de apoyo a la autonomía en docentes de educación física
Murcia, J. A. M., Hernández, E. H., Alonso, J. L. N., León, J., Valenzuela, A. V., & Conte, L. (2019) · Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte · doi:10.6018/cpd.337761 · Cited by 20
Agentes sociales de la comunidad educativa, satisfacción de novedad y actividad física (Agents of the educational community, novelty satisfaction, and physical activity)
Ferriz, R., González‐Cutre, D., & Giménez, J. B. (2020) · Cultura Ciencia y Deporte · doi:10.12800/ccd.v15i46.1602 · Cited by 14
“Se adaptó la versión española de Sánchez y Núñez (2007) de la Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
Background
Purpose in life and personal growth: The unique and joint contribution of physical activity and basic psychological needs
Teas, E., Friedman, E. M., & Amireault, S. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12347 · Cited by 11
Prescribing Intensity in Resistance Training Using Rating of Perceived Effort: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Boxman-Zeevi, Y., Schwartz, H., Har-Nir, I., Bordo, N., & Halperin, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.891385 · Cited by 16
1. Developing a Platform for a Research- Based Teacher Education
Smith, K., & Vattøy, K.-D. (2022) · Fagbokforlaget eBooks · doi:10.55669/oa040301 · Cited by 11
Perfiles motivacionales de deportistas adolescentes españoles
Almagro, B. J., Buñuel, P. S.-L., & Murcia, J. A. M. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 12
Explanatory Model of Psychological Well-being in the University Athletic Context
Ozcorta, E. J. F., Almagro, B. J., & Buñuel, P. S.-L. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.307 · Cited by 12
“The Spanish version of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (Vlachopoulos and Michailidou, 2006) that was validated by Sánchez and Núñez (2007) was utilised.”
Method
Acting One’s Age in Physical Exercise: Do Perceived Age Norms Explain Autonomous Motivation Among Older Adults?
Pelssers, J., Hurkmans, E. J., Scheerder, J., Vanbeselaere, N., Vos, S. B., Smits, T., & Boen, F. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2016-0290 · Cited by 15
Importance of Providing Additional Choices in Relation to Pupils' Happiness, Mastery, Well-Being, Contentment, and Level of Physical Activity in Physical Education
Oldervik, S., & Lagestad, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.599953 · Cited by 12
Influencia de la formación de los entrenadores sobre la motivación de los deportistas / Influence of Coaches Training on Athletes Motivation
González, J. J. P., Sánchez‐Oliva, D., Miguel, P. A. S., Marcos, F. M. L., & García‐Calvo, T. (2016) · Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte · doi:10.15366/rimcafd2016.64.005 · Cited by 21
“…sport of the Spanish version (Moreno-Murcia, González-Cutre, Chillón, and Parra, 2008) of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale of Measurement (BPNES: Vlachopoulos and Michailidou, 2006), used and validated in the scholar domain, changing in each subscale the concepts referred to the academic…”
Method
Multilevel needs assessment of physical activity, sport, psychological needs, and nutrition in rural children and adults
Greeven, S. J., Medellin, A. M., Watkins, J. M., Coble, C. J., Brunnemer, J. E., Solá, P. A. F., Dutta, S., Hobson, J. M., Evanovich, J. M., Kercher, V. M. M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1290567 · Cited by 14
Can Pedagogical Models Promote Students’ Basic Psychological Needs in Physical Education? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Saiz-González, P., Gallego, D. I., & Fernández‐Río, J. (2024) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2024.2316146 · Cited by 21
“…students’ BPNs. Sixteen studies employed the Spanish-adapted version for the PE context (Moreno-Murcia et al., 2008) of the BPNs in exercise scale (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006), while four articles used the Basic Psychological Needs Scale adapted for physical education [BPNS-PE] (Ntoumanis,…”
Method
Applying Meaning and Self-Determination Theory to the Development of a Web-Based mHealth Physical Activity Intervention: Proof-of-Concept Pilot Study
Hooker, S. A., Crain, A. L., Muegge, J., Rossom, R. C., Pronk, N. P., Pasumarthi, D. P., Kunisetty, G., & Masters, K. S. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/55722 · Cited by 12
Satisfying basic psychological needs through a recreational sports programme for people with intellectual disability: human growth and adapted sport in focus
Crespo-Eguílaz, N., Gambra, L., Varela, A., & Vale, R. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1470411 · Cited by 12
The Influence of Perceived Autonomy Support on Physical Activity Among High School Students: The Mediating Roles of Basic Psychological Needs
Wanwan, Z., & Khairani, A. Z. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15040536 · Cited by 16
“Meanwhile, the satisfaction of the BPN was measured using a 20-item Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale—Physical Activity (PNSES—PA) (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
Personal project commitment in adolescence: The role of relatedness, competence and integrity
Harré, N., & Bullen, P. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.616 · Cited by 11
Factors Influencing the Maternal Life Balance of Flemish Mothers, a Cross-Sectional Study
Kuipers, Y., Leugenhaege, L. V., de Craen, N. V., den Branden, L. V., Bleijenbergh, R., Mestdagh, E., & Rompaey, B. V. (2019) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-019-09779-0 · Cited by 11
Does coaches’ satisfaction with the team determine their interpersonal style? The mediating role of basic psychological needs
González, J. J. P., López-Gajardo, M. Á., Ponce-Bordón, J. C., Vaquero‐Solís, M., & Marcos, F. M. L. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1877358 · Cited by 15
WalkingPad protocol: a randomized clinical trial of behavioral and motivational intervention added to smartphone-enabled supervised home-based exercise in patients with peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication
Silva, I., Pedras, S., Oliveira, R., Veiga, C., & Paredes, H. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06279-9 · Cited by 11
“Scores range from 12 to 60 and higher scores indicate a greater perceived satisfaction of psychological needs during exercise [56, 57].”
Cross-Cultural Validation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Physical Education Scale between Portugal and Brazil Samples
Cid, L., Lettnin, C. D. C., Stobäus, C. D., Monteiro, D., Davóglio, T. R., & Moutão, J. M. R. P. (2016) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.6 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, these values seem to be acceptable, inasmuch as their factorial structure is consistent with the structure of the original models (English and Portuguese) that were the basis for the current instrument (Moutão et al., 2012; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006), as well as with the Portuguese version of the B…”
MethodResultInfluential
Satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en las clases de Educación Física y su relación con el miedo al fallo según el género y la práctica físico-deportiva extraescolar de los estudiantes de Educación Secundaria
López, M. G., Hernández, A. M., & Granero‐Gallegos, A. (2021) · Estudios pedagógicos · doi:10.4067/s0718-07052021000100303 · Cited by 23
Barriers to the Practice of Sport and Physical Activity from the Perspective of Self-Determination Theory
Gil-Píriz, D., Román, M. L., Mesquita, S., & Castuera, R. J. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13147665 · Cited by 13
“Basic Psychological Needs We applied the Frustration of Psychological Needs in Physical Exercise Scale [22,23] to evaluate subjects’ satisfaction of the BPN for autonomy, competence, and relatedness when practicing SPA.”
Method
Influence of Physical Self-Concept and Motivational Processes on Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity of Adolescents
Alonso, J. L. N., León, J., Valenzuela, A. V., Conte, L., Murcia, J. A. M., & Huéscar, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685612 · Cited by 11
The Role of Controlled Motivation in the Self-Esteem of Adolescent Students in Physical Education Classes
Valenzuela, A. V., Hernández, E. H., Alonso, J. L. N., León, J., Conte, L., & Murcia, J. A. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111602 · Cited by 20
“The version translated into Spanish and adapted to physical education [40] of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Measurement Scale (BPNES; [41]) was used.”
Method

Authors: Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Michailidou, S.
Affiliations: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
ORCID: Vlachopoulos, Symeon P.
Venue: Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2006-09
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: 179-201
ISSN: 1091-367X (ISSN-L)
1532-7841
DOI: 10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4
OpenAlex: W1998733243
Cited by: 661
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 8.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: autonomy, competence, relatedness, self-determination theory, exercise motivation, scale development, psychometric validation, impression management, social desirability bias

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Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

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