Cited by 661Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

Vlachopoulos, Symeon P., Michailidou, Sotiria·2006·Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science

DOI 10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4

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Abstract

The development process and initial validation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) are presented in this study. The BPNES is a domain-specific self-report instrument designed to assess perceptions of the extent to which the innate needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Deci & Ryan, 2000) are satisfied in exercise. Two separate samples of 508 and 504 participants were employed from private fitness centers for scale calibration and validation purposes, respectively. The results demonstrated an adequate factor structure, internal consistency, generalizability of the factor dimensionality across the calibration and the validation samples, discriminant validity and predictive validity; acceptable stability of the BPNES scores over 4 weeks also was found. In addition, the scale scores were found to be largely unaffected by socially desirable responding and specifically the tendency for impression management.

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Background
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“The Cronbach’s α values were 0.84 for Autonomy, 0.81 for Competence, and 0.92 for Related-ness (Li, 2018; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
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“Se utilizó la versión española adaptada a la EF (Moreno, González-Cutre, Chillón-Garzón, & Parra-Rojas, 2008) de la Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) para medir la competencia (e.g. “realizo los ejercicios eficazmente) mediante 4 ítems.”
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Struktura psychologicznych uwarunkowań wybranych aspektów aktywności fizycznej w świetle teorii samodeterminacji
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“Utilizamos a versão portuguesa (Pires, Cid, Borrego, Alves, & Silva, 2010) da Escala de Medida das Necessidades Psicológicas Básicas (BPNES; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
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Exercise Behavior Patterns in Emerging Adulthood: An Exploration of Predictor Variables from Self-Determination Theory and Transtheoretical Model
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Validity and Reliability Evidence of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPN-ES) in a European Sample of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
Emmanouil, S., Greenlees, I. A., Chrysagis, N., Γραμματοπούλου, Ε. Π., Vasiliki, P., Javier, P. G. F., Gaillard, J., Antonios, S., Joao, D., & Dionysios, S. (2019) · World Journal of Research and Review · doi:10.31871/wjrr.8.6.9 · Cited by 2
“The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPN – ES) [27], was used as the primary variable for the purposes of the study.”
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“…general need satisfaction scale (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Gagné, 2003), which research studies have defended as valid and reliable for measuring need satisfaction in several domains in life (Johnston & Finney, 2010; La Guardia et al., 2000; Van den Broeck et al., 2010; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
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“…et al., 2006) have confirmed that the three needs are moderately interrelated, but have different effects, so combining the three factors in one would not be a problem, but might possibly mask patterns of significant distinct effects with respect to each need (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
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“Se utilizó la versión traducida al castellano y adaptada a la Educación Física (Moreno, González-Cutre, Chillón, & Parra, 2008) de la Escala de Medición de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en el Ejercicio (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
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“An adaptation was also made in the area of physical activity—Vla-chopoulos and Michailidou [18] created the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES).”
BackgroundMethod
Retracted
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“Three instruments were used to assess the adolescent's experience of PE-lessons: 1) change in satisfaction of basic psychological needs in the subject was assessed by Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) [37]; 2) emotional responses to the subject was assessed by the Basic Emotions Trait Test (BETT) [38…”
Method
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“Domain-speci ﬁ c measures target speci ﬁ c contexts such as sports, work, and learning environments (Brien et al., 2012; Eriksson & Boman, 2018; Jenkins-Guarnieri et al., 2015; Longo et al., 2016; Ng et al., 2011; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
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“For instance, Vlachopoulos and Michailidou (2006) found that autonomy was the most critical predictor of exercise-related outcomes, followed by competence and relatedness.”
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“All scientists were selected due to their expertise regarding the concepts of the questionnaire development needs in 24-hr movement behavior and psychometric testing (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
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Authors: Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Michailidou, S.
Affiliations: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
ORCID: Vlachopoulos, Symeon P.
Venue: Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2006-09
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: 179-201
ISSN: 1091-367X (ISSN-L)
1532-7841
DOI: 10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4
OpenAlex: W1998733243
Cited by: 661
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 8.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: autonomy, competence, relatedness, self-determination theory, exercise motivation, scale development, psychometric validation, impression management, social desirability bias

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Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

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