Cited by 661Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

Vlachopoulos, Symeon P., Michailidou, Sotiria·2006·Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science

DOI 10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4

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Abstract

The development process and initial validation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) are presented in this study. The BPNES is a domain-specific self-report instrument designed to assess perceptions of the extent to which the innate needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Deci & Ryan, 2000) are satisfied in exercise. Two separate samples of 508 and 504 participants were employed from private fitness centers for scale calibration and validation purposes, respectively. The results demonstrated an adequate factor structure, internal consistency, generalizability of the factor dimensionality across the calibration and the validation samples, discriminant validity and predictive validity; acceptable stability of the BPNES scores over 4 weeks also was found. In addition, the scale scores were found to be largely unaffected by socially desirable responding and specifically the tendency for impression management.

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Background
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“The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES: Vlachopoulos and Michaili-dou [49], 2006; Portuguese version: Mout ã o et al. [50]) was used.”
The influence of parental expectations on adolescents’ physical activity: a chain mediation model of basic psychological needs and exercise motivation
Liu, L., Li, T., Long, J., Hwang, J. Y., & Ahn, J. W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1662714 · Cited by 8
Physical education course satisfaction scale for Chinese college students: development and psychometric properties
Jin, Z., & Xi, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1717552 · Cited by 6
Responsibility as a predictor of climate and school violence through autonomous motivation in Physical Education classes: Differences based on sex and educational stage
Manzano-Sánchez, D., Valenzuela, A. V., & Alcalá, D. H. (2023) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2023.11.002 · Cited by 12
Basic Psychological Needs Predicting Physical Activity Participation among Young Adults
Adelusi, J. O., Oguntuase, S. B., & Jaiyeoba, O. M. (2023) · Athens Journal of Sports · doi:10.30958/ajspo.10-4-4 · Cited by 8
“Participants rated the BPNES items on a 5 - point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree).”
Influential
All physical activities are not created equal: differential effects of goal contents, psychological need satisfaction, and flow in physical activity on satisfaction with life
Codina, N., Valenzuela, R., & Pestana, J. V. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05678-2 · Cited by 6
Perceived Autonomy Support and Basic Psychological Needs of Participants in a Women’s Health-Related Exercise Programme according to Exercise Stage of Change and Exercise Type
Mehrtash, S., & İnce, M. L. (2018) · Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.26773/mjssm.180306 · Cited by 7
“The BPNES is a self-report instrument developed by Vlachopoulos and Michailidou (2006).”
BackgroundMethod
Development of the Motivation to Participate in Psychological Research Scale
Freng, S. (2020) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000317 · Cited by 8
Hoosier Sport: a research protocol for a multilevel physical activity-based intervention in rural Indiana
Greeven, S. J., Solá, P. A. F., Kercher, V. M. M., Coble, C. J., Pope, K. J., Erinosho, T., Grube, A., Evanovich, J. M., Werner, N. E., & Kercher, K. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1243560 · Cited by 6
“92 for relatedness, as well as acceptable discriminant and predictive validity (44).”
BackgroundInfluential
Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs as Predictors of Motivation towards Physical Education in Primary Education: Influence of Gender and Physical Self-Concept
Prado-Botana, M., Carretero, M., Garrote, L. V., & Vale, R. F. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20247186 · Cited by 8
“Initially designed by Vlachopou-los and Michailidou [17], the survey comprises 12 items grouped into three dimensions: autonomy, competence, and relation (four items per group).”
Method
The Relationship Between Social Support and Physical Activity: A Moderated Mediation Model Based on the Self-Determination Theory
Ma, C. M. S., Law, M. Y. M., & Y., A. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7897-7_15 · Cited by 6
Fear of failure and perception of the motivational climate under the coach pressure
López, M. G., Valenzuela, A. V., Manzano-Sánchez, D., & Hernández, J. G. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541231223652 · Cited by 6
“36 This questionnaire seeks analyze the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in physical exercise.”
Background
Variables motivacionales influyentes en una unidad didáctica de rugby: claves para la mejora de la intervención docente
Abós, Á., Sevil‐Serrano, J., Sanz-Remacha, M., & García‐González, L. (2015) · Sportis Scientific Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity · doi:10.17979/sportis.2015.1.2.1406 · Cited by 6
Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs and School Morale in Junior High School Students: Development of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale for School Life
Nishimura, T., & Sakurai, S. (2015) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.24.124 · Cited by 7
Exploração de um modelo de segunda ordem da Versão Portuguesa da Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNESp): validade do constructo e invariância
Cid, L., Rodrigues, F. F., Teixeira, D. S., Alves, J. A. M., Machado, S. E. D. C., Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., & Monteiro, D. (2020) · Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte · doi:10.6018/cpd.407391 · Cited by 7
Psychological Effects of Motivational Aquatic Resistance Interval Training and Nutritional Education in Older Women
Martínez‐Rodríguez, A., Cuestas-Calero, B. J., Frutos, J. M. G.-D., & Marcos-Pardo, P. J. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9121665 · Cited by 9
“The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) [39] in its Spanish version [40] was used to assess psychological needs.”
Method
When Mr. Right Becomes Mr. Wrong: Women’s Postdivorce Name Choice
Hoffnung, M., & Williams, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Divorce & Remarriage · doi:10.1080/10502556.2015.1113814 · Cited by 6
“…can only thrive when three basic psychological needs are met: the need for competence (i.e., to be effective), autonomy (i.e., to be self-driven), and relatedness (i.e., to have intimate connections with others; Deci & Ryan, 2000; Ryan & LaGuardia, 2000; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
Background
Profiles of Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Settings: An Examination of Differences in Contextual Motivation, Affect, and Achievement Goals
Kazak, Z. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122871 · Cited by 7
“Basic Needs The Turkish version [35] of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) [36] was used to determine the basic psychological needs of the individuals in exercise settings.”
MethodInfluential
Wheelchair tennis has ever fusion of classroom participation of the physically disabled basic psychological needs and exercise emotional and exercise commitment
Kim, D.-W. (2015) · 한국융합학회논문지 · doi:10.15207/jkcs.2015.6.4.015 · Cited by 5
Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Nilsen, T. S., Sæter, M., Sarvari, S. I., Reinertsen, K. V., Johansen, S. H., Edvardsen, E. R., Hallén, J., Edvardsen, E., Grydeland, M., Kiserud, C. E., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/45244 · Cited by 5
“In the exercise group only, experience with the instructor and exercise program will be measured by the short version of the Health Care Climate Questionnaire [53] and Basic Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale [40].”
Research on Adoption Intention Toward Intelligent Messaging Service: From Self-Determination Theory Perspective
Wu, J., & Yu, Z. (2025) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer20020083 · Cited by 8
“[123] PRN2: I feel more relevant when using intelligent messaging to communicate with organizations such as government, business and other organizations.”
Escala de Motivação Docente: desenvolvimento e validação
Davóglio, T. R., & dos Santos, B. S. (2017) · Educar em Revista · doi:10.1590/0104-4060.47470 · Cited by 7
A self-determination theory approach to motivating engagement with channel partner enablement programs
Mo, C., Yu, T., & White, C. J. (2020) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.07.003 · Cited by 9
Motivación y percepción del alumnado en los estilos de enseñanza mando directo y resolución de problemas en educación física
Corrales-Perea, Á., & Mateos, M. E. (2022) · Revista Electrónica Educare · doi:10.15359/ree.26-3.2 · Cited by 4
New Day, New Game: Examining Consumer Needs in Daily Fantasy Sports
Sears, J., Kang, P., Ko, Y. J., & Lee, J. S. (2022) · Sport Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.32731/smq.314.1222.01 · Cited by 5
“The three scale items for all SDT needs were derived from previous studies ( & Wu, 2012; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).”
The engage taxonomy: SDT-based measurable engagement indicators for MOOCs and their evaluation
Cristea, A. I., Alamri, A., Alshehri, M., Pereira, F. D., Toda, A. M., Oliveira, E., & Stewart, C. D. (2023) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-023-09374-x · Cited by 7
Consumer-company identification: a review and empirical contribution
White, C. J., & Yu, T. (2024) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-10-2023-0769 · Cited by 7
Soziale Eingebundenheit im individualisierten Unterricht: Eine Experience-Sampling Studie
Ohl, S., & Dumont, H. (2024) · Unterrichtswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s42010-024-00204-6 · Cited by 6
The Effect of a Default Nudge on Experienced and Expected Autonomy: A Field Study on Food Donation
Weijers, R. J., Wachner, J., & de Koning, B. B. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2404 · Cited by 5
La cultura del esfuerzo en las clases de educación física
Estrada, J. A. C., Fernández, J.-L., & Cecchini, C. (2013) · Culture and Education · doi:10.1174/113564013808906924 · Cited by 6
Relación entre las metas de logro 3x2 y la competencia percibida en los estudiantes de Educación Física
García-Romero, C. (2015) · Sportis Scientific Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity · doi:10.17979/sportis.2015.1.3.1419 · Cited by 5
THE CONTRIBUTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL NEED SATISFACTION TO THE PREDICTION OF EXERCISE-INDUCED FEELING STATES*
Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Triantafyllidou, O. (2008) · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Positive environments in youth football
Erikstad, M. K., Haugen, T., & Høigaard, R. (2018) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-018-0516-1 · Cited by 5
Assessing perceived need support and need satisfaction in physical education: adaptation and validation with English students
Sánchez‐Oliva, D., Kinnafick, F., Smith, N., & Stenling, A. (2018) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2018.1461627 · Cited by 5
“…psychological need satisfaction with adolescent samples have used the adaptation for the PE context (BPN-PE; Vlachopoulos, Katartzi, & Kontou, 2011) of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006), which we will investigate in the present study.”
Method
Influencia de la viabilidad percibida por los profesores en el desarrollo de estrategias motivacionales sobre la motivación del alumnado en clase Educación Física
Álvarez, E. F., & López, J. C. (2018) · Ágora/Ágora para la educación física y el deporte · doi:10.24197/aefd.2-3.2018.235-255 · Cited by 5
Análisis de la relación entre diferentes variables psicológicas en el contexto deportivo de los futbolistas
Iglesias-Martínez, E., Estrada, J. A. C., Cueli, M., & Castro, P. G. (2020) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy18-4.ardv · Cited by 5
Los grupos interactivos en Educación Física: Una experiencia docente en Educación Secundaria (Interactive Groups in Physical Education: A Teaching Experience in Secondary Education)
Olaya-Cuartero, J., García-Jaén, M., Martínez, S. G., & Férriz-Valero, A. (2020) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v38i38.74606 · Cited by 6
“Cuestionarios Escala de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en el Ejercicio (BPNES) adaptada a la Educación Física (Moreno, González, Chillón, & Parra, 2008).”
Background
Re-Applying the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale to Various Portuguese Exercise Groups: An Analysis of Bifactor Models and Contextual Invariance
Rodrigues, F. F., Cid, L., Teixeira, D., & Monteiro, D. (2021) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125211016803 · Cited by 6
Procesos motivacionales hacia la actividad física en el contexto escolar en estudiantes universitarios colombianos: un estudio desde la teoría de la autodeterminación
Gómez-Mazorra, M., Sánchez‐Oliva, D., & Palmeira, A. L. (2021) · Educación Física y Deporte · doi:10.17533/udea.efyd.v40n1a05 · Cited by 6
The Antecedents of University Students’ E-Learning Outcome under the COVID-19 Pandemic: Multiple Mediation Structural Path Comparison
Kuo, Y., Kuo, T., Wang, J., & Ho, L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142416794 · Cited by 6
MODELO TRANSCONTEXTUAL DE LA MOTIVACIÓN EN LA PREDICCIÓN DE ESTILOS DE VIDA SALUDABLES
Batista, M., Román, M. L., Lobato, S., & Castuera, R. J. (2019) · Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte · doi:10.15366/rimcafd2019.75.006 · Cited by 5
“To measure basic psychological needs satisfaction, it was applied the Portuguese version of the Basic Psychological Needs Exercise Scale (BPNES) (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006), validated by Pires, Cid, Borrego, Alves & Silva (2010).”
Method
Motivational Variables to Predict Autotelic Experience and Enjoyment of Students. Analysis in Function of Environment and Sports Practice
Román, M. L., Guíu-Carrera, M., Coto-Cañamero, A., & Castuera, R. J. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12062352 · Cited by 5
“[54], translated into Spanish and validated in Spanish by Moreno-Murcia et al.”
Method
O papel de mediação das necessidades psicológicas na associação entre o suporte de autonomia e o bem-estar psicológico em praticantes de fitness
Moutão, J. M. R. P., Alves, S., Monteiro, D., & Cid, L. (2015) · Motricidade · doi:10.6063/motricidade.3734 · Cited by 5

Authors: Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Michailidou, S.
Affiliations: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
ORCID: Vlachopoulos, Symeon P.
Venue: Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2006-09
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: 179-201
ISSN: 1091-367X (ISSN-L)
1532-7841
DOI: 10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4
OpenAlex: W1998733243
Cited by: 661
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 8.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: autonomy, competence, relatedness, self-determination theory, exercise motivation, scale development, psychometric validation, impression management, social desirability bias

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Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

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