The Other End of the Continuum: The Costs of Rumination

“In addition to general life stress, specific stressors, such as childhood sexual abuse, lead to greater rumination (Conway, Mendelson, Giannopoulos, Csank, & Holm, 2004; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Spasojevic & Alloy, 2002).”

“The four concurrent validity measures selected were depressive rumination, which emerges from the response styles theory (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998); experiential avoidance, which emerges from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999), a contemporary theoretical model within behavior therapy;…”

“To address these questions, future research is necessary in which other forms of emotion regulation, such as thought suppression (Wegner, 1994), rumination (NolenHoeksema, 1998), and distraction (Sheppes & Meiran, 2008), are con sidered.”

“U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O F In Smith and Reis’s (2009) second study (using data from the 2-week daily diary study described earlier), participants reported on conflict and capitalization experiences with a target person with whom they had a meaningful relationship and with whom they were likely to communicate ever…”

“Ruminative Response Scale (RRS; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991). This 22-item subscale of the Response Styles Questionnaire assesses responses to depressed mood that are focused on the self, on symptoms, and possible causes and consequences of mood. Its internal consistency is reported to be high (Cronbach’s alpha = .8…”

“negative effect on mental well-being (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema, McBride, & Larson, 1997).”

“Furthermore, the individuals who engage in minimal grief processing will show a relatively favorable grief outcome, whereas those who are predisposed toward more extensive grief processing will tend toward disregulation and ruminative preoccupation and, consequently, toward a more prolonged grief course (Bonanno et al…”

“Rumination has emerged as an important cognitive process for explaining depression and alcohol use (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema & Harrell, 2002) anxiety disorders (Clark, 2001), and, more to the point of the present article, anger (Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“Rumination has been defined in many different ways (Nolen-Hoeksema 1998; Siegle et al. 2004), however for the purposes of this study rumination will be defined as repetitive thoughts focusing on problematic situations or events as well as the associated emotions and the possible consequences of…”

“The effects of rumination on emotion, social behavior, and health are quite undesirable (Bushman, 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998 should be viewed as preliminary, they suggest that rumination may be a mental strategy for eliciting a complex of fear-related affective and physiological changes that…”

“Ruminative brooding refers to the tendency to repetitively focus on a negative event or stimulus, and negatively affects the onset, severity, and duration of depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“Rumination can be described as a continuously, repetitive thinking about one’s feelings and thoughts, including dwelling on the negative aspects (i.e. catastrophizing; Lavallee &Campbell, 1995; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“Nolen-Hoeksema (1998) defines depressive rumination, a particular variety of rumination associated with depressed mood, as “focusing passively and repetitively on one’s symptoms of distress and the meaning of those symptoms without taking action to correct the problems one identifies” (p. 216).”

“Susan Nolen-Hoeksema defined rumination as ‘‘focusing passively and repetitively on one’s symptoms of distress and on the meanings of those symptoms without taking action to correct the problems one identifies’’ (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998, p. 404).”

“Mindfulness has been examined as a treatment for depression, as ruminative thinking has been proposed to play an important role in depression (Nolen-Hoeksema 1998; Roelofs et al. 2009; Segal et al. 2002; Teasdale 1988).”

“Rumination has been defined as thinking repetitively and passively about one’s negative emotions, focusing on symptoms of distress, and worrying about the meaning of this distress (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“Individuals, who are pessimistic or depressed, are more likely to ruminate about their problems and less likely to confront them; individuals with substance-use disorders tend to rely on avoidance strategies and to self-medicate with alcohol to reduce tension (Maisto, Carey, & Bradizza, 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Sch…”

“There is a large literature on reminiscence that suggests that focusing on the past can have negative implications, such as rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998 ), bitterness revival (Webster, 1993 ), intrusive thoughts as in trauma recollections (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004 ), and escapism (Watt & Wong,…”

“…with a history of child sexual abuse are more likely to ruminate as adults than are those without a history of child sexual abuse (Conway, Mendelson, Giannopoulos, Csank, & Holm, 2004; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Spasojevic & Alloy, 2002), even after controlling for group differences in depression.”

“For its part, rumination predisposes individuals to generate more inferences on an event’s possible negative consequence (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998), which activates a rapid escalation of catastrophic thoughts and negative emotions (Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010).”

“…activation in the mPFC, bilateral insula and bilateral TPJ for N > F, increased FC between the left amygdala and insula as well as the left amygdala and TPJ for N > F, and decreased activations in the frontoparietal attentional network for Upper > Lower. solutions’’ (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“Rumination refers to a person’s repetitive thoughts about a past event [42], and includes adaptive and maladaptive subtypes”

“…stress, persistent symptoms of anxiety may facilitate the development of depressive symptoms through cognitive processes such as rumination and worry; memory and attribution biases about failure, rejection and loss; and self-derogation (Abela, Brozina, & Haigh, 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“Rumination can be described as continuously dwelling on one’s feelings and thoughts, without taking action [17].”

“7 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 Researchers have found conflicting research results with regard to other cognitive strategies such as acceptance, self-blame, planning, other-blame, and putting into perspective.”

“Participants filled out the 22-item Rumination Responsiveness Scale (RRS; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991). This scale asks participants to respond how often they “think or do” one of the options on the scale when they “feel down, sad, or depressed.” Thus the scale measures responses to dysphoric mood that are focused o…”

“…Distress Depression subscale, AD Anhedonic Depression subscale, GDA General Distress Anxiety subscale, AA Anxious Arousal subscale), RRS Ruminative Response Scale, DAS-A Previous Scale, QOLWorld Health Organisation Quality of Life Scale rumination; Nolen-Hoeksema 1998, and worry; Borkovec 1994).”

“…and/or anxiety are positive refocusing (referring to thinking about joyful and pleasant issues instead of thinking about the negative experience; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Garnefski et al, 2009a,c, 2010; Kraaij et al, 2008; Schroevers et al, 2008) and positive reappraisal (attaching a positive…”

“Rumination can be described as continuously dwelling on one’s feelings and thoughts, without taking action [16].”

“The results of this study also do not support a cognitive=ruminative model, which would predict that intrusive grief-related thoughts are primarily responsible for maintaining severe grief reactions (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“We know from previous research that a tendency to ruminate on the past frequently leads individuals to depression and other negative outcomes (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“This type of open, objective access to childhood memories is different from ruminative relational thinking, described as focusing passively and repetitively on symptoms of distress without taking corrective actions; these latter thoughts have been linked with prolonged periods of distress and poorer problem-solving sk…”

“Although one intention of the reflective process is to reduce anxiety, it may inadvertently contribute to new teachers’ anxieties if it becomes a ruminative process (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“…to the tendency to think repetitively in an unconstructive way on the causes, meanings and consequences of, rather than solutions to, one’s feelings (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Watkins, 2008), two subtypes of rumination have also been identified: brooding and reflection (Treynor, Gonzalez, &…”

“[17] Previous researches have shown that nonjudgmental awareness facilitate the healthy response to emotions[6] and allows people to experience and express their emotion[39] without having to engage in unhealthy strategies such as experiential avoidance[40] and inhibition of thought[41] or excessive engagement[42] and…”

“Rumination can be described as continuously dwelling on one’s feelings and thoughts, without taking action.(12) A ruminative way of thinking has also been linked to poorer well-being in people with a chronic disease such as cancer.”

“This would allow Jane to have an increased capacity to experience and ventilate her emotions (Bridges et al., 2004) without under-engagement (e.g., through experiential avoidance) (Hayes et al., 1996) or over-engagement (e.g., through worry or rumination) (Borkovec, 1994; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“This type of open, objective access to childhood memories is different from ruminative thinking, described as focusing passively and repetitively on symptoms of distress without taking corrective actions, and which is linked with prolonged periods of distress and poorer problem solving (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“…quantitative methods The concept of rumination, or the act of ‘‘focusing passively and repetitively on one’s symptoms of distress . . . and on the meanings of those symptoms . . . without taking action to correct the problems one identifies,’’ is familiar to many (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“This finding is consistent with the idea that suppression can cause rumination, which has been shown to be associated with both depressed and anxious mood (Harrington & Blankenship, 2002; Lyubomirsky & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1995; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“Rumination is defined as repetitively thinking about one’s negative emotional experience in terms of its causes, consequences, and situational factors (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”

“Reduced aversion to difficult stimuli may have led to less need for emotional control and rigid negative avoidant thinking in the forms of worry and rumination (Borkovec 1994; Nolen-Hoeksema 1998).”

“Rumination has been commonly associated with depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003), whereas worry is often associated with anxiety disorders (Borkovec, Robinson, Pruzinsky, & DePree, 1983; Newman & Llera, 2011).”

“Engaging in rumination has been shown to lead individuals to generate more depressogenic inferences of the causes and consequences of the events in their life (Nolen-Hoeksema 1998).”

“…such as logical analysis and support seeking, may result in increased distress, as when prolonged efforts to understand a stressor and to solicit assistance with it reflect rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998) or procrastination that prevent individuals from confronting and managing the problem.”

“…of temperament and personality, namely, emotional reactivity (Strelau & Zawadzki, 1993, 1995), neuroticism (Eysenck, 1967), and rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Watkins & Teasdale, 2004), are associated with varied aspects of emotional processing (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985; Fresco,…”

“The relationships of rumination with psychological symptoms were parallel to the previous studies (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998) as well as the relation of negative internal models (e.g., Mikulincer, Florian & Weller, 1993).”

“Rumination, repeatedly focusing on a trauma, trauma symptoms, or possible causes and consequences of the distress ( Nolen-Hoeksema 1998 ), occurs more in women than men (Nolen-Hoeksema & Jackson 2001).”

“Nolen-Hoeksema (1988) reported that people with more ruminative styles of responding to their distress shortly after their loss were more likely to remain highly distressed over the subsequent 18 months. On the other hand, Wegner and Gold (1995) describe the higher physiological reactivity, negative emotional and cogn…”