The Clinically Modified Buddhist Psychological Model for Social Work Practice and Self-care
Open accessAbstract
It is clear from the international social work literature that social workers experience high levels of stress and burnout due to the cognitive, emotional and physical demands of the profession. There are however no integrative theories, developed by social workers, on how this stress, burnout and its impact on the emotional and psychological well-being of social workers can be ameliorated and then improved. This article makes an original contribution to this literature by proposing the use of the clinically modified Buddhist psychological model, as a beneficial lens for understanding how to improve reflective practice in social work along with the feelings of stress, burnout, anxiety, low mood and well-being deficits that can result from social work practice. This paper will outline the rationale for the development of the clinically modified Buddhist psychological model, before outlining the theory itself and how it might support stress coping processes and reflective social work practice. This paper has significance for all social workers, social work students and social work educators, as it provides a theory which could help to inform improved reflective social work practice and self-care.
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Both groups experienced within groups changes from pre to post programme, with MBSWSC again outperforming the control group on both potential mediators of change.
“However, both groups experienced within groups changes from pre to post programme, with MBSWSC again outperforming the control group on both potential mediators of change (Maddock, 2022).”
From A randomised trial of Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care with social workers (2023) · cites this paper as Maddock, 2022
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that MBSWSC significantly improved the CBPM domains in social work students. It does not report pre-to-post changes in both groups or show that MBSWSC outperformed a control group on two potential mediators. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe CBPM outlines how increases in each of the six domains, and in tendencies towards the use of approach-oriented stress coping strategies, leads to social workers experiencing reduced negative thinking (e.g., worry and rumination) and improvements in stress, burnout, anxiety, depression, and well-being.
“The CBPM outlines how increases in each of these domains, and in tendencies towards the use of approach-oriented stress coping strategies, leads to social workers experiencing reduced negative thinking (e.g., worry and rumination) and improvements in stress, burnout, anxiety, depression, and well-being (Maddock, 2022).”
From A randomised trial of Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care with social workers (2023) · cites this paper as Maddock, 2022
The CBPM focuses on the effects that six mindfulness mechanisms of action (mindfulness, acceptance, attention regulation (decentering), self-compassion, non-attachment, and non-aversion) could have on mental health and well-being outcomes for social workers.
“This theory differs from other models of mindfulness, by focussing on the effects that six mindfulness mechanisms of action (CBPM domains); mindfulness, acceptance, attention regulation (decentering), self-compassion, non-attachment, and non-aversion, could have on these important mental health and well-being outcomes for social workers (Maddock, 2022).”
From A randomised trial of Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care with social workers (2023) · cites this paper as Maddock, 2022
The development of each of the six CBPM domains can operate individually or collectively to support social workers to move away from maladaptive avoidant stress coping strategies and instead use more adaptive approach-oriented stress coping strategies.
“The development of each of these six domains (which are developed in MBSWSC through mindfulness, psychoeducation and reflective practice activities) can operate individually, or collectively, to support social workers to move away from the use maladaptive avoidant stress coping strategies (e.g., denial), and to instead use more adaptive approach-oriented stress coping stress strategies (e.g., ref”
From A randomised trial of Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care with social workers (2023) · cites this paper as Maddock, 2022
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Relationships between Stress, Burnout, Mental Health and Well-Being in Social Workers
Maddock, A. (2023) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcad232 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationA randomised trial of Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care with social workers
Maddock, A., McGuigan, K., & McCusker, P. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04410-w · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…modified Buddhist psychological model (CBPM), which is an evidence-informed theory of how MBPs, which include increased psychoeducation, could help to improve the feelings of stress, burnout, anxiety, depression, and well-being deficits that can result from social work practice (Maddock, 2022).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMaddock, A., McGuigan, K., & McCusker, P. (2024) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcae011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This programme distinguishes itself from other MBPs due to its foundations in the clinically modified Buddhist psychological model (CBPM; Maddock, 2023).”
MethodSelf-citationMaddock, A. (2025) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-024-00924-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The CBPM is an integrative evidence-informed theory of how MBPs, which include increased psychoeducation and reflective practices, could help to improve the feelings of stress and burnout, along with the mental health and well-being deficits that can result from social work practice (Maddock, 2023).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe Perceived Job Performance of Child Welfare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Axelrad-Levy, T., Tayri, T. M. S., Achdut, N., & Sarid, O. (2023) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-022-00861-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“social workers’ daily exposure to elevated stressors prior to the outbreak of the pandemic (Lizano & Mor-Barak, 2012; Maddock, 2022; Travis et al., 2016), along with the acute increase in stressors during its first waves (Katz et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Mindfulness-Based Social Work and Self-Care Programme: A Focus Group Study
Maddock, A., McGuigan, K., McCusker, P., & Kellock, J. (2023) · Clinical social work journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-023-00897-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This is also directly in line with Maddock ( 2023 )’s theory of how mindfulness-based practices can improve social worker self-care and reflective social work practice.”
InfluentialSelf-citationTesting Mindfulness Mechanisms of Action on the Stress and Burnout of Social Workers
Maddock, A. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02353-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The mindfulness and self-compassion programme (MSC) was adapted from the Mindfulness Based Living Course programme, and delivered in an online group format (via MS Teams) over the same 6-week period (MBLC: Choden & Regan-Addis, 2018).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMamom, J., & Daovisan, H. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13101000 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“We add to the findings of previous studies (Maddock 2022) regarding the Buddhist self-care of end-of-life stroke patients receiving palliative care at home.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMaddock, A., McGuigan, K., & McCusker, P. (2024) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2024.2325564 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The CBPM highlights the roles that mindfulness, self-compassion, attention regulation, acceptance, non-attachment, and non-aversion play in this process.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMaddock, A. (2024) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcae116 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMaddock, A. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07801-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This study’s sample were from two RCTs comparing the effects of MBSWSC versus MSC on the depression, anxiety, and mental well-being levels of professional social workers in Northern Ireland (Maddock et al., 2023 ; Maddock et al., 2024 ).”
InfluentialSelf-citationReflection, Mindfulness, and Shame Processing in Social Work Practice
Maddock, A., & Sicora, A. (2025) · Clinical social work journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-025-00992-z
“Unacknowledged shame of this nature, can lead to a greater sense of isolation, personal crisis, stress, and ultimately burnout and attrition within the profession (Brown, 2006; Maddock, 2023).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSelf-awareness, Mindfulness, and Social Work Practice
Maddock, A., Althobity, T. S. M., & McGuigan, K. (2026) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-026-01028-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This rich data also highlighted how CBPM domains build on each other to allow more adap - tive responses to stress, feelings of burnout, and social work practice challenges (Maddock, 2023 ).”
InfluentialSelf-citationBuddhist principles that can inform social workers commitment to anti-racism and social justice
Chaney, C., Nicks, N., & Caldwell, C. (2023) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2023.2280822
“Since social workers can access a Buddhist model for social work practice and self-care (Maddock, 2023), it is important to highlight how Buddhist communities engage in anti-racist and social justice work.”
BackgroundPreventing Burnout During the Field Experience and Beyond
Powell, M., & Mayfield, L. R. (2024) · SpringerBriefs in social work · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-45922-1_8
Maddock, A., Heang, T., Ean, N., Kheng, S., Best, P., & Ramstrand, N. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-025-00681-x
“…idea that greater doses of mindfulness-based practices are associated with greater responses in psychological outcomes through supporting meditators to disengage from more reactive negative thinking, thereby reducing tendencies to worry and the risk experiencing psychological distress [52, 53, 54].”
Self-citationThe mindfulness-based social work and self-care programme: Initial roll out and expanded findings
Maddock, A., Althobity, T. S. M., & McGuigan, K. (2026) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcag229
Self-citation
- Authors
- Maddock, A.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Maddock, Alan
- ORCID
- Maddock, Alan
- Venue
- Clinical Social Work Journal
- Published
- 2022-06-24
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 54-64
- ISSN
- 0091-1674 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3343
- OpenAlex
- W4283377534
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 5.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Social Work Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Dublin, Trinity College
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Social Work Education and Practice
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- Buddhist psychology, burnout, self-care, reflective practice, social worker well-being, stress coping, anxiety, depressive mood, integrative theory
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