Quantum speed limit and optimal evolution time in a two-level system
Open accessAbstract
Quantum mechanics establishes a fundamental bound for the minimum evolution time between two states of a given system. Known as the quantum speed limit (QSL), it is a useful tool in the context of quantum control, where the speed of some control protocol is usually intended to be as large as possible. While QSL expressions for time-independent Hamiltonians have been well studied, the time-dependent regime has remained somewhat unexplored, albeit being usually the relevant problem to be compared with when studying systems controlled by external fields. In this paper we explore the relation between optimal times found in quantum control and the QSL bound, in the (relevant) time-dependent regime, by discussing the ubiquitous two-level Landau-Zener–type Hamiltonian.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The minimal time and geometric approaches give the same results for time-independent generators.
“At first glance, these two approaches appear to be equivalent, since they give the same results for timeindependent generators [117,122].”
From Quantum speed limits: from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to optimal quantum control (2017) · cites this paper as [117]
The statistical distance is the natural choice to define the maximal quantum speed.
“Since ℓ constitutes the shortest path connecting quantum states, the statistical distance (67) serves as the natural choice to define the maximal quantum speed [60,67,75,76,117].”
From Quantum speed limits: from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to optimal quantum control (2017) · cites this paper as [117]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The maximum speed of dynamical evolution
Margolus, N., & Levitin, L. B. (1998) · Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena · doi:10.1016/s0167-2789(98)00054-2 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Anandan, J., & Aharonov, Y. (1990) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.65.1697 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Quantum Speed Limit for Non-Markovian Dynamics
Deffner, S., & Lutz, E. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.010402 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Optimal Control at the Quantum Speed Limit
Caneva, T., Murphy, M., Calarco, T., Fazio, R., Montangero, S., Giovannetti, V., & Santoro, G. E. (2009) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.103.240501 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Quantum Speed Limit for Physical Processes
Taddei, M. M., Escher, B. M., Davidovich, L., & de Matos Filho, R. L. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.050402 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Quantum Speed Limits in Open System Dynamics
del Campo, A., Egusquiza, I. L., Plenio, M. B., & Huelga, S. F. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.050403 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Bason, M. G., Viteau, M., Malossi, N., Huillery, P., Arimondo, E., Ciampini, D., Fazio, R., Giovannetti, V., Mannella, R., & Morsch, O. (2012) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys2170 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Quantum limits to dynamical evolution
Giovannetti, V., Lloyd, S., & Maccone, L. (2003) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.67.052109 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Fundamental Limit on the Rate of Quantum Dynamics: The Unified Bound Is Tight
Levitin, L. B., & Toffoli, T. (2009) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.103.160502 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Time-Optimal Quantum Evolution
Carlini, A., Hosoya, A., Koike, T., & Okudaira, Y. (2006) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.96.060503 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Quantum decay and the Mandelstam–Tamm-energy inequality
Bhattacharyya, K. (1983) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/16/13/021 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
A unitarity bound on the evolution of nonstationary states
Fleming, G. N. (1973) · Il Nuovo Cimento A · doi:10.1007/bf02819419 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
How fast can a quantum state change with time?
Pfeifer, P. (1993) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.70.3365 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Energy–time uncertainty relation for driven quantum systems
Deffner, S., & Lutz, E. (2013) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/46/33/335302 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Transient energy excitation in shortcuts to adiabaticity for the time-dependent harmonic oscillator
Chen, X., & Muga, J. G. (2010) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.82.053403 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Elementary derivation for passage times
Brody, D. C. (2003) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/36/20/314 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
On optimum Hamiltonians for state transformations
Brody, D. C., & Hook, D. W. (2006) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/39/11/l02 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Comment on “Geometric derivation of the quantum speed limit”
Zwierz, M. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.86.016101 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Geometry of Quantum Statistical Inference
Brody, D. C., & Hughston, L. P. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.77.2851 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Controlling open quantum systems using fast transitions
Poggi, P. M., Lombardo, F. C., & Wisniacki, D. A. (2013) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.87.022315 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Nielsen M. A. and Chuang I. L., Quantum Compu- tation and Quantum Information (Cambridge Univervity Press, Cambridge) 2000.
- Hegerfeldt G., arXiv:1305.6403 [quant-ph] (2013). · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Quantum speed limits: from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to optimal quantum control
Deffner, S., & Campbell, S. (2017) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/aa86c6 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
“and the quantum speed limit time is defined as one over the averaged speed [60,67,75,76,117], τQSL ≡ τ ∫ τ 0 dt vQSL .”
BackgroundResultQuantum speed limits: from Heisenberg's uncertainty principle to optimal quantum control
Deffner, S., & Campbell, S. (2017) · Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) · doi:10.13016/m2heya-i4ys · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Trade-Off Between Speed and Cost in Shortcuts to Adiabaticity
Campbell, S., & Deffner, S. (2017) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.100601 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Environment-Assisted Speed-up of the Field Evolution in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
Cimmarusti, A. D., Yan, Z., Patterson, B. D., Corcos, L. P., Orozco, L. A., & Deffner, S. (2015) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.233602 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Orthogonality Catastrophe as a Consequence of the Quantum Speed Limit
Fogarty, T., Deffner, S., Busch, T., & Campbell, S. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.110601 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“[17] P.”
BackgroundQuantum speed limits—primer, perspectives, and potential future directions
Frey, M. R. (2016) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-016-1405-x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Geometric quantum speed limits: a case for Wigner phase space
Deffner, S. (2017) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aa83dc · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Optimal control of a qubit in an optical cavity
Deffner, S. (2014) · Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1088/0953-4075/47/14/145502 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
O’Connor, E., Guarnieri, G., & Campbell, S. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.103.022210 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Understanding and developing these results has been the focus of sustained work [8–28].”
BackgroundGeometric quantum speed limits: a case for Wigner phase space
Deffner, S. (2017) · Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) · doi:10.13016/m2p9xl-fqvv · Cited by 65 · see citing works
High-speed driving of a two-level system
Hegerfeldt, G. C. (2014) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.90.032110 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Energetic cost of quantum control protocols
Abah, O., Puebla, R., Kiely, A., Chiara, G. D., Paternostro, M., & Campbell, S. (2019) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ab4c8c · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“For OC the fastest approach is given by a bang-off-bang (BOB) pulse [48–50], where the system is suddenly and strongly quenched, followed by a free evolution with no field, and finally a reverse sudden quench is applied”
BackgroundQuantum speed limits and optimal Hamiltonians for driven systems in mixed states
Andersson, O., & Heydari, H. (2014) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/47/21/215301 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“These include quantum metrology [1, 2, 3], quantum computation and information [4, 5, 6], and optimal control theory [7, 8, 9, 10, 11].”
BackgroundQuantum speed limits for information and coherence
Mohan, B., Das, S., & Pati, A. K. (2022) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac753c · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Energy–time and frequency–time uncertainty relations: exact inequalities
Dodonov, V. V., & Dodonov, A. V. (2015) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/0031-8949/90/7/074049 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Reverse quantum speed limit: How slowly a quantum battery can discharge
Mohan, B., & Pati, A. K. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.104.042209 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Quantum speed limits for observables
Mohan, B., & Pati, A. K. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.106.042436 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
From quantum speed limits to energy-efficient quantum gates
Aifer, M., & Deffner, S. (2022) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac6821 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Decoherence speed limit in the spin-deformed boson model
Dehdashti, S., Harouni, M. B., Mirza, B., & Chen, H. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.91.022116 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The initial-state dependence of the quantum speed limit
Wu, S.-X., Zhang, Y., Yu, C.-S., & Song, H.-S. (2014) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/48/4/045301 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Geometric quantum speed limits and short-time accessibility to unitary operations
Poggi, P. M. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.99.042116 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantum speed limits and optimal hamiltonians for driven systems in mixed statesPreprint
Sönnerborn, O., & Heydari, H. (2016) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Minimal evolution time and quantum speed limit of non-Markovian open systems
Meng, X., Wu, C., & Guo, H. M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep16357 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Geometric quantum speed limits for Markovian dynamics in open quantum systems
Lan, K., Xie, S., & Cai, X.-J. (2022) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac696b · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Time-optimal quantum control of nonlinear two-level systems
Chen, X., Ban, Y., & Hegerfeldt, G. C. (2016) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.94.023624 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Diverging Quantum Speed Limits: A Herald of Classicality
Poggi, P. M., Campbell, S., & Deffner, S. (2021) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.2.040349 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“An alternative definition is given by τ2(t) which is implicitly defined by the equation [25, 34]”
BackgroundSelf-citationResonant shortcuts for adiabatic rapid passage with only z -field control
Stefanatos, D., & Paspalakis, E. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.100.012111 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Speed limits on correlations in bipartite quantum systems
Pandey, V., Shrimali, D., Mohan, B., Das, S., & Pati, A. K. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.052419 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Krylov-subspace approach for the efficient control of quantum many-body dynamics
Larocca, M., & Wisniacki, D. A. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.103.023107 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationDependence of the quantum speed limit on system size and control complexity
Lee, J., Arenz, C., RABITZ, H. A., & Russell, B. (2018) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aac6f3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Speeding up adiabatic passage with an optimal modified Roland–Cerf protocol
Stefanatos, D., & Paspalakis, E. (2020) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/ab7423 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Duncan, C. W., Poggi, P. M., Bukov, M., Zinner, N. T., & Campbell, S. (2025) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/j8c7-v2hd · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationTime-optimal control of two-level quantum systems by piecewise constant pulses
Dionis, E., & Sugny, D. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.032613 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Generalised quantum speed limit for arbitrary time-continuous evolution
Thakuria, D., Srivastav, A., Mohan, B., Kumari, A., & Pati, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/ad15ad · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Quantum speed limit for robust state characterization and engineering
Kobayashi, K., & Yamamoto, N. (2020) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.102.042606 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“[6] P.”
Nonlinear speed-ups in ultracold quantum gases
Deffner, S. (2022) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/ac9fed · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tight and attainable quantum speed limit for open systems
Mai, Z.-Y., & Yu, C. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.108.052207 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Quantum speed limit in a qubit-spin-bath system
Hou, L., Shao, B., Wei, Y.-B., & Zou, J. (2015) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/48/49/495302 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shrimali, D., Panda, B., & Pati, A. K. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.022425 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Koike, T. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2021.0273 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In a two-level system, relations between the QSL and the time-optimal controls with constraints are explored [85].”
BackgroundHighly Adiabatic Time-Optimal Quantum Driving at Low Energy Cost
Garcia, L., Bofill, J. M., Moreira, I. D. P. R., & Albareda, G. (2022) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.129.180402 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Conservation-Law-Based Global Bounds to Quantum Optimal Control
Zhang, H., Kuang, Z., Puri, S., & Miller, O. D. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.127.110506 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fentaw, H. W., Campbell, S., & Caton, S. J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95161-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The quantum speed limit, T min sets a fundamental lower bound on the time necessary to connect two quantum states and for a single qubit its value can be analytically determined as in 15,16 .”
Optimal control of many-body quantum dynamics: Chaos and complexity
Poggi, P. M., & Wisniacki, D. A. (2016) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.94.033406 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid biexciton-state preparation in a quantum dot using on-off pulse sequences
Stefanatos, D., & Paspalakis, E. (2020) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.102.052618 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Classical and quantum speed limits
Bolonek-Lasoń, K., Gonera, J., & Kosiński, P. (2021) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2021-06-24-482 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Towards enhanced precision in thermometry with nonlinear qubits
Deffner, S. (2025) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/adac05 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The maximal rate of quantum evolution is determined by the quantum speed limit (QSL), which is a more careful formulation of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation of energy and time [8–10].”
Enhancement of quantum speed limit time due to cooperative effects in multilevel systems
Poggi, P. M., Lombardo, F. C., & Wisniacki, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/48/35/35ft02 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTime-optimal control fields for quantum systems with multiple avoided crossings
Poggi, P. M., Lombardo, F. C., & Wisniacki, D. A. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.92.053411 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantum speed limits for Bell-diagonal states
Han, W., Jiang, K.-X., Zhang, Y.-J., & Xia, Y. (2015) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/24/12/120304 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Srivastav, A., Pandey, V., Mohan, B., & Pati, A. K. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/npkr-c4vf · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Instantaneous angular velocity of quantum evolution
Huang, J., Hu, L., & Liu, F.-Y. (2020) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.102.062221 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gravitational Field effects on the Decoherence Process and the Quantum Speed Limit
Dehdashti, S., Avazzadeh, Z., Xu, Z., Shen, J. Q., Mirza, B., & Wang, H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15114-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hybrid quantum-classical simulation of quantum speed limits in open quantum systems
Liu, J., Segal, D., & Hanna, G. (2019) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/ab15eb · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Excitation of time-dependent quantum systems: An application of time–energy uncertainty relations
Khalil, T., & Richert, J. (2014) · Physica B Condensed Matter · doi:10.1016/j.physb.2014.09.027 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reachable-set characterization of an open quantum system by the quantum speed limit
Kobayashi, K. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.105.042608 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Quantum speed limit for mixed states in a unitary system
Huang, J., Qin, L., Chen, G.-L., Hu, L., & Liu, F.-Y. (2022) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ac76b4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A non-Markovianity measure based on quantum speed limit
Gaidi, S., Slaoui, A., Falaki, M. E., & Laamara, R. A. (2025) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2025.130733 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stronger Quantum Speed Limit for Mixed Quantum States
Bagchi, S., Thakuria, D., & Pati, A. K. (2023) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e25071046 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Achieving fast and robust perfect entangling gates via reinforcement learning
Grech, L., Krauss, M. G., Consiglio, M., Apollaro, T. J. G., Koch, C. P., Hirlaender, S., & Valentino, G. (2025) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ae2c16 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Previous work has focused on determining hardware-specific minimal gate durations, balancing speed and robustness to imperfections [35, 36].”
Quantum state driving along arbitrary trajectories
Hu, L., & Jordan, A. N. (2023) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.5.033045 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impact of initial states on the quantum speed limits metric in linear molecules
Feng, H., Li, P., & Yue, X.-F. (2019) · Acta Physica Sinica · doi:10.7498/aps.68.20181942 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The quantum speed limit time of a two-qubit XYZ spin chain with intrinsic decoherence
Hou, L., Shao, B., & Zhu, Y. (2020) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732320502442 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Attainable quantum speed limit for N -dimensional quantum systems
Mai, Z.-Y., & Yu, C. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/9xmb-dmlw · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quantum speed limit under decoherence: unitary, dissipative, and fluctuation contributions
Kobayashi, K. (2025) · Journal of Physics Communications · doi:10.1088/2399-6528/ae1bf5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An automated geometric space curve approach for designing dynamically corrected gates
Piliouras, E., Lucarelli, D. G., & Barnes, E. (2026) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-026-01190-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Optimal Control for Quantum Driving of Two-Level Systems
Qi, X.-Q. (2017) · International Journal of Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1007/s10773-017-3538-9
Quantum evolution speed and its limit in the driven double‐well system
Xu, F., Zhang, L., & Huang, W. (2023) · International Journal of Quantum Chemistry · doi:10.1002/qua.27263
Quantum speed limit for maximally entangled mixed state under non-Markovian Regime
Awasthi, N., Manish, M., Joshi, D. K., & Sharma, S. (2025) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732325500701
Modulation of Quantum Features of a Driven Two-Level System via a rf Field
Sun, S., Meng, X., & Cai, X.-J. (2025) · Quantum Information and Computation · doi:10.2478/qic-2025-0013
- Authors
- Poggi, P. M., Lombardo, F. C., & Wisniacki, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (AR)
- Corresponding author
- Poggi, P. M.
- ORCID
- Wisniacki, D. A.
- Venue
- EPL (Europhysics Letters)
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2013-11-01
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 40005
- ISSN
- 0295-5075 (ISSN-L)
- 1286-4854
- OpenAlex
- W1976847937
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Europhysics Letters (EPL) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (CONICET)
- Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica, Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates
- Keywords
- quantum speed limit, two-level system, time-dependent Hamiltonian, quantum control
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review