Long-term change in physiological markers and cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes: the Look AHEAD Study
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: The effects of physiological improvements on cognitive function among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether improvements in physiological markers (body weight, blood sugar control, and physical activity) during intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) are associated with enhancements in cognitive function in older adults with T2DM. DESIGN: Multisite randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Academic research centers. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Participants were aged 45-76 years, with T2DM. INTERVENTION: The Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) study, a randomized, controlled clinical trial of ILI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Two to 3 cognitive assessments were collected from 1089 participants, the first and last occurring a mean (standard deviation) of 8.6 (1.0) and 11.5 (0.7) years after enrollment. RESULTS: Greater improvement in blood sugar control was associated with better cognitive scores (fasting glucose and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test [AVLT]: P = 0.0148; fasting glucose and Digit Symbol Coding (DSC): P = 0.0360; HbA1C and DSC: P = 0.0477); but weight loss had mixed associations with cognitive scores (greater body mass index [BMI] reduction and worse AVLT overall: P = 0.0053; and greater BMI reduction and better DSC scores among those overweight but not obese at baseline: P = 0.010). Associations were strongest among those who were overweight (not obese) at baseline, and among those with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in glycemic control, but not necessarily weight status, during ILI may be associated with better subsequent cognitive performance. These associations may differ by adiposity and CVD history.
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Having diabetes over decades (type 1 and type 2) is associated with cognitive decline.
“Having diabetes over decades-type 1 and type 2has been shown to be associated with cognitive decline (423-425).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [424]
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- Ashok Balasubramanyam, MBBS 3 ; Chu-Huang Chen, MD, PhD 3 ; Peter Jones, MD 3 ; Michele Burrington, RD, RN; Allyson Clark Gardner, MS, RD; Sharon Griggs; Michelle Hamilton; Veronica Holley; Sarah Lee; Sarah Lane Liscum, RN, MPH; Susan Cantu- Lumbreras; Julieta Palencia, RN; Jennifer Schmidt; Jayne Thomas, RD; Carolyn White; Charlyne Wright, RN; and Monica Alvarez, PCT. The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, University of Tennessee East: Karen C. Johnson, MD, MPH □ ; Karen L. Wilson, BSN □ ; Mace Coday, PhD 3 ; Beate Griffin, RN, BS; Donna Valenski; Polly Edwards; Brenda Fonda; and Kim Ward . The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, University of Tennessee Down- town: Helmut Steinburg, MD 3 ; Carolyn Gresham, BSN □ ; Moana Mosby, RN; Debra Clark, LPN; Donna Green RN; and Abbas E. Kitabchi, PhD, MD (retired). University of Minnesota: Robert W. Jeffery, PhD 1 ; Tricia Skarphol, MA 2 ;
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Anda‐Duran, I. D., Kolachalama, V. B., Carmichael, O. T., Hwang, P. H., Fernandez, C., Au, R., Bazzano, L., & Libon, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220931 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Multimodal (Bio)Markers and Risk of Obesity – A Comprehensive Scoping Review
Vahid, F., Loyola-Leyva, A., Tur, J. A., Bouzas, C., Devaux, Y., Malisoux, L., García-Hernández, S., Carvalho, M. D., Ródenas-Munar, M., Turner, J., et al. (2025) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100579 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Main Diseases Related to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review
Silva, J. V. F. D., Borges, W. R., & Ferracioli, P. R. B. (2024) · Scientia. Technology, science and society. · doi:10.59324/stss.2024.1(2).02 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rationale, design, and cohort characteristics of the Action for Health in Diabetes Aging study
Espeland, M. A., Houston, D. K., Hayden, K. M., Bahnson, J. L., Huckfeldt, P. J., Chen, H., Walkup, M. P., Neiberg, R. H., Yang, M., Beckner, T., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12430 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Gwizdala, K. L., Bazzano, L., Newton, R. L., & Carmichael, O. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1200415 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Atuação do enfermeiro na prevenção e controle do Diabetes mellitus tipo 2
Cardoso, S. D. B., Amorim, F. C. M., Silva, S. M. D. S., Carvalho, M. C. D. A., Pereira, G. F., de Carvalho, C. M. S., Araújo, A. S. D. S., & Montenegro, J. P. C. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i13.34563 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Does lifestyle intervention lower clinically significant cognitive impairment risk?
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- Authors
- Carmichael, O. T., Neiberg, R. H., Dutton, G. R., Hayden, K. M., Horton, E., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., Johnson, K. C., Rapp, S. R., Spira, A. P., & Espeland, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
- Division of Endocrinology, Obesity/Nutrition Research Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carmichael, Owen T
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2020-08-26
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e4778-e4791
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC7566388
- OpenAlex
- W3080267588
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (M01RR02719, DK 046204)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK57136, DK57149, DK56990, DK57177, DK57171, DK57151, DK57182, DK57131, DK57002, DK57078, DK57154, DK57178, DK57219, DK57008, DK57135, DK56992)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- National Institute of Nursing Research
- National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- Office of Research on Women's Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Bayview General Clinical Research Center (M01RR02719)
- Massachusetts General Hospital Mallinckrodt General Clinical Research Center
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Clinical Research Center (M01RR01066)
- Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (RR025758-04)
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center General Clinical Research Center (M01RR00051)
- Clinical Nutrition Research Unit (P30 DK48520)
- University of Tennessee at Memphis General Clinical Research Center (M01RR0021140)
- University of Pittsburgh General Clinical Research Center (M01RR000056)
- Clinical Translational Research Center (UL1 RR 024153)
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Frederic C. Bartter General Clinical Research Center (M01RR01346)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, cognitive function, glycemic control, intensive lifestyle intervention, weight loss, body mass index, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, physical activity, cardiovascular disease history, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Glycemic Control, Aged, Body Weight, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Weight Loss, Exercise, Treatment Outcome, Risk Reduction Behavior, Adiposity
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