Disrupted corticosterone pulsatile patterns attenuate responsiveness to glucocorticoid signaling in rat brain
Abstract
Chronically elevated circulating glucocorticoid levels are although to enhance vulnerability to psychopathology. Here we hypothesized that such sustained glucocorticoid levels, disturbing corticosterone pulsatility, attenuate glucocorticoid receptor signaling and target gene responsiveness to an acute challenge in the rat brain. Rats were implanted with vehicle or 40 or 100% corticosterone pellets known to flatten ultradian and circadian rhythmicity while maintaining daily average levels or mimic pathological conditions. Additionally, recovery from constant exposure was studied in groups that had the pellet removed 24 h prior to the challenge. Molecular markers for receptor responsiveness (receptor levels, nuclear translocation, promoter occupancy, and target gene expression) to an acute challenge mimicking the stress response (3 mg/kg ip) were studied in the hippocampal area. Implantation of 40 and 100% corticosterone pellets dose-dependently down-regulated glucocorticoid receptor and attenuated mineralocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor translocation to the acute challenge. Interestingly, whereas target gene Gilz expression to the challenge was already attenuated by tonic daily average levels (40%), Sgk-1 was affected only after constant high corticosterone exposure (100%), indicating altered receptor responsiveness due to treatment. Washout of 100% corticosterone recovered all molecular markers (partial), whereas removal of the 40% corticosterone pellet still a…
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Cerebral SGK1 is upregulated by glucocorticoids, corticotropin releasing hormone, hyperactivity, intracranial self-stimulation, chronic escalating morphine regimen, and clozapine.
“Cerebral SGK1 is upregulated by glucocorticoids (Sato et al. 2008;Sarabdjitsingh et al. 2010), corticotropin releasing hormone (Sheng et al. 2008), hyperactivity (Kalinichev et al. 2008), intracranial self-stimulation (Huguet et al. 2009), chronic escalating morphine regimen (Befort et al. 2008) and administration of the antipsychotic drug clozapine (Robbins et al. 2008).”
From Significance of SGK1 in the regulation of neuronal function (2010) · cites this paper as Sarabdjitsingh et al. 2010
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“Also the ultradian and circadian rhythms provide a basis for the threshold and sensitivity of the stress system: the magnitude and nature of the behavioural and physiological stress response varies depending on the phase of the hourly cortisol pulse (Sarabdjitsingh et al. 2010).”
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“In this context, the glucocorticoid-inducible genes Leucin Zipper (GILZ) and serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) are target genes activated by GR activation, and their expression has been shown to be disrupted in the hippocampus as a result of hypercortisolemia.(20) In addition, a recent study demonstr…”
From Receptor Balance to Rational Glucocorticoid Therapy
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Self-citationHPA-axis and inflammatory reactivity to acute stress is related with basal HPA-axis activity
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“GILZ is a target gene activated by GR activation and its expression is shown to be disrupted in the hippocampus as a result of hypercortisolemia in the rat (Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010).”
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“This mechanism seems to be relevant for several tissues, including the brain, where the interruption of GC rhythmicity attenuates gene expression responsiveness to (changes in) GC signaling (Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010b).”
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“For example, complete redistribution of nuclear GR over the cytoplasm after steroid withdrawalmay last more than 24 h (Hache et al., 1999), while in vivo GR is rapidly shuttled in and out of the nucleus on an hourly time-scale (Conway-Campbell et al., 2007; Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010).”
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“This results in an increased refractory time in which the animals are in a non-responsive state, giving rise to apparent stress hyporesponsiveness (Windle et al., 2008; Lightman and Conway-Campbell, 2010; Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010).”
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“However, GR expression is more sensitive to corticosterone-induced down-regulation (Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010).”
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“In the rat, corticosterone pulses have a near-hourly frequency (Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010a), and changes in the amplitude of these pulses throughout the 24 h cycle determine the circadian variation in hormone secretion (Spiga et al., 2015).”
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“Corticosterone plasma levels were determined by a commercial radioactive immunoassay (MP Biomedicals Inc., Costa Mesa, CA) according to manufacturer's instructions (Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010).”
Self-citationHippocampal Fast Glutamatergic Transmission Is Transiently Regulated by Corticosterone Pulsatility
Sarabdjitsingh, R. A., Pasricha, N., Smeets, J. A. S., Kerkhofs, A., Mikasová, L., Karst, H., Groc, L., & Joëls, M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145858 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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“hibit SGK1 expression through a down-regulation of GC receptors in brain (35).”
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The activity of the glucocorticoid receptor is regulated by SUMO conjugation to FKBP51
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“upregulated byGCs in the hippocampus.(33,34) In linewith these”
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“Sgk1 is a widely expressed kinase that is regulated by glucocorticoids via a regulatory DNA element approximately 1 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS) (Webster et al., 1993a; Maiyar et al., 1997; Sato et al., 2008).”
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“Interestingly, it has been previously suggested that disruption of the corticosterone rhythm and maintenance of constant glucocorticoid levels, as described in the present study, may result in loss of adrenal gland sensitivity and attenuation of HPA axis responsiveness (1, 39, 55).”
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Self-citationGlucocorticoids are active players and therapeutic targets in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
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“Importantly, preclinical studies by Sarabdjitsingh et al. (2010) have observed a significant flattening of the plasma glucocorticoid rhythmicity upon chronic glucocorticoid receptor overactivation in rats.”
Srinivasan, M., & Walker, C. L. (2022) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1177/17590914221120190 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Acute corticosterone exposure continued to decrease GILZ transcript in conditions of average circulating cortisol and had no effects in hypercortisolemia(Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMR/GR Signaling in the Brain during the Stress Response
de Kloet, E. R., & Meijer, O. C. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.87234 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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“…inducible leucin zipper (GILZ), serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK1), and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5), are target genes activated by GR activation; their expression has been shown to be disrupted in the hippocampus as a result of hypercortisolemia (Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010).”
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“…course of > 1 hr has been studied mainly in the context of the stress response, although ultradian CORT peaks causing pulsatile genomic actions via GR were also investigated and found to be important to keep neuronal systems responsive (Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010b; Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010a).”
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“The precision of glucocorticoid action also varies across neuronal networks if the context of stress occurs during the ascending or descending phases of the ultradian glucocorticoid oscillations (Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010a, 2010b, 2010c).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSpeksnijder, N., Christensen, K. V., Didriksen, M., de Kloet, E. R., & Datson, N. A. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-012-9809-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Chromatin Immunoprecipitation The exact procedure is described in Sarabdjitsingh et al. (2010a).”
Self-citationA proposed role for glucocorticoids in mediating dopamine-dependent cue-reward learning
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“…in humans and corticosterone in rodents—circulate both peripherally and centrally in fluctuating concentrations that follow an ultra-radian and circadian rhythm (Kalsbeek et al., 2012; Lightman & Conway-Campbell, 2010; Qian et al., 2012; Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010; Spiga et al., 2014).”
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“The lack of GR mRNA downregulation at the hippocampus is at odds with the aforementioned studies (Sapolsky and McEwen, 1985; Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010), but agrees with previous studies that used comparable corticosterone pellets in adrenally intact rats (Akana et al., 1992; Herman and Spencer,…”
Coping with the multifaceted and multifunctional role of cortisol in the brain
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“GR binding to CORT has a lower affinity and shows nuclear translocation in parallel with changing CORT concentrations during the ultradian rhythm and after stress (Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010), (Conway-Campbell et al., 2010).”
Yoshimura, M., Flynn, B. P., Kershaw, Y. M., Zhao, Z., Ueta, Y., Lightman, S. L., & Conway-Campbell, B. L. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05347-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…studies have demonstrated that pulsatile activation is necessary to maintain optimal transcriptional activity of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in cell lines, and rat liver and brain 5 – 8 , as well as HPA axis sensitivity, neuronal activation and behavioural responses to stress in rats 9 .”
Glucocorticoid feedback paradox: a homage to Mary Dallman
de Kloet, E. R. (2023) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2023.2247090 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Furthermore, GR resistance develops if replacement with corticosterone is not pulsatile, but continuous, as is the case with the steady release of the steroid from a subcutaneously (sc)-implanted corticosterone pellet (den Boon & Sarabdjitsingh, 2017; Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBielefeld, P., Schouten, M., Lucassen, P. J., & Fitzsimons, C. P. (2017) · Neurogenesis · doi:10.1080/23262133.2016.1262934 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The importance of the circadian trough in glucocorticoid signaling: a variation on B-flat
Meijer, O., Kooijman, S., Kroon, J., & Winter, E. M. (2023) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2023.2275210 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…receptor expression in the brain, adiposity and thermogenic activity, and osteoporosis (Akana et al., 1992; Kroon et al., 2021; Meijer et al., 1997; Sarabdjitsingh et al., 2010; Schilperoort et al., 2021; tholen et al., 2022). likely there are many other organ systems and processes that are…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThree percent annually on systemic glucocorticoids: facts, worries and perspectives.
Meijer, O., & Pereira, A. (2019) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-19-0555 · Cited by 10
Self-citationIndomethacin induced gene regulation in the rat hippocampus
Sathyanesan, M., Girgenti, M. J., Warner‐Schmidt, J. L., & Newton, S. S. (2015) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0150-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“(SGK) is induced in the brain primarily by glucocorticoids [18], but also by several different stimuli and stressors, including fear conditioning, enriched environment, plus maze exposure, cell volume and drugs of abuse [19].”
BackgroundKohut, S. J., DeCicco-Skinner, K. L., Johari, S., Hurwitz, Z. E., Baumann, M. H., & Riley, A. L. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid therapy is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases
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Stress Research: Past, Present, and Future
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Brain Mineralocorticoid Receptors and Resilience to Stress.
Kanatsou, S., Joëls, M., & Krugers, H. (2019) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2018.11.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bläuer, M., Sand, J., & Laukkarinen, J. (2021) · Pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) ... [et al.] · doi:10.1016/j.pan.2020.12.024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Corticosteroid Receptor Involvement in the Stress Response
de Kloet, E. R., DeRijk, R. H., & Meijer, O. C. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118083222.ch3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid and Slow Effects of Corticosteroid Hormones on Hippocampal Activity
Joëls, M., Sarabdjitsingh, R. A., den Boon, F. S., & Karst, H. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802175-0.00033-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, A., Yang, G., Liu, G., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-025-07542-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“F Schematic summary of hypercortisolism-induced neuronal apoptosis synchronized with SGK1-induced neuronal protection in GFAP + neurons in the FrA of mice after SCT.”
Giannos, P., Prokopidis, K., Forbes, S. C., Celoch, K., Candow, D. G., & Tartar, J. L. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12070825 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Chronically elevated circulating glucocorticoid levels may alter brain SGK1 expression in rat models, downregulating glucocorticoid receptor responsiveness [42], impairing neuronal plasticity [43], and oligodendro-”
BackgroundDifferential regulation of type 2 immunity by glucocorticoids
Song, H., & Lim, J. (2025) · BMB Reports · doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2025-0066 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, in vitro studies often use constant, high-dose exposure regimens (sub-micromolar to micromolar), contrasting with the pulsatile release of endogenous GCs, which maintain circulating concentrations in the range of 100-500 nM (92).”
Do Corticosteroid Receptor mRNA Levels Predict the Expression of Their Target Genes?
Koorneef, L. L., Viho, E. M. G., Wahl, L. F., & Meijer, O. C. (2022) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvac188 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationGlucocorticoid Regulation of Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Function
Pereira, A. M., & Meijer, O. C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45950-9_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSarafoglou, K., Addo, O., Hodges, J. S., Brundage, R., Lightman, S., Hindmarsh, P., & Miller, B. (2022) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000525990 · Cited by 1
Genomic Aspects of Corticosteroid Action in the Brain
van Weert, L. T. C. M., & Meijer, O. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803592-4.00051-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationStress and Glucocorticoid Action in the Brain and Ear: Implications for Tinnitus
de Kloet, E. R., & Szczepek, A. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58397-6_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Regulation of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Physiology and Disease
Young, M. J., Fuller, P. J., Meijer, O. C., Cole, T. J., Kanki, M., Yang, J., Ho, Q. V., Karthigan, N., & Heanue, S. (2026) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2026.100156
Self-citationA Hierarchical Model of the Hypothalamo-Adreno-Pituitary systemPreprint
Rota, C. L., Vuza, D. T., & Climescu-Haulica, A. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/837724
“There is also evidence of GR nuclear translocation desensitization in response to long-term constant CORT concentrations (7 days) [143]; this mechanism might underlie a ratesensitive regulation of genomic responses at ultradian time-scales, but there’s no evidence of this.”
BackgroundCorticosteroid receptor signalling modes and stress adaptation in the brain
Meijer, O. C. (2011) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci.2011.114
Self-citationEffects of Glucocorticoids on the Brain
Pereira, A. M., Webb, S. M., & Meijer, O. C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64329-5
Self-citationSpiga, F., Pooley, J. R., Russell, G. M., & Lightman, S. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802175-0.00043-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Schaaf, M. J. M., & Meijer, O. C. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802175-0.00029-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Sarabdjitsingh, R. A., Isenia, S., Polman, A., Mijalkovic, J., Lachize, S., Datson, N., de Kloet, E. R., & Meijer, O. C.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research/Leiden University Medical Centre, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Sarabdjitsingh, R. Angela
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2010-01-15
- Volume
- 151
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1177-1186
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- OpenAlex
- W2153433545
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, glucocorticoid signaling, GILZ, SGK1, hippocampus, receptor saturation, stress response, circadian rhythm disruption
- MeSH terms
- Serum-Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinases, Activity Cycles, Animals, Brain, Corticosterone, Glucocorticoids, Hippocampus, Male, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Transcription Factors, Signal Transduction, Down-Regulation, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Immediate-Early Proteins, Receptors, Mineralocorticoid, Gene Expression Profiling, Rats
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