Sex Differences in the Daily Rhythm of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide But Not Arginine Vasopressin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei1
Abstract
The timing of the preovulatory surge of LH in female rodents is tightly coupled to the environmental light/dark cycle. This coupling is mediated by the circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Studies indicate that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), which are synthesized in the SCN, transmit circadian information from the SCN to GnRH neurons, thereby regulating the timing of the LH surge. However, to date, the rhythmic expression of these two peptides in the SCN has only been examined in males. The pattern of VIP expression in males is difficult to reconcile with its role in the LH surge. The purpose of the present study was to assess the rhythm of VIP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the SCN of female rats under several endocrine conditions. We compared this rhythm to that in males and to AVP mRNA rhythms in all experimental groups. In all groups of females, VIP mRNA levels were rhythmic, with peak expression occurring during the light phase and a nadir occurring during the dark phase. The rhythm was approximately 12 h out of phase compared with that in males. The rhythmic expression of AVP mRNA in the SCN was virtually identical in all groups of animals. Based on these results, we conclude that 1) the rhythm of VIP seen in the SCN of females during the day may serve as a facilitory signal from the SCN to GnRH neurons; 2) the sex-specific pattern of VIP mRNA does not depend on estradiol; and 3) AVP gene expression within the SCN is not sexually differentiated or altered by estradiol.
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Ovariectomy causes an 8 hour delay in the VIP transcript rhythm in the SCN, so that its phasing resembles that of intact males.
“In the case of VIP, which is a neurotransmitter that is important for oscillator coupling, ovariectomy causes a remarkable 8 hour delay, so that the phasing of the transcript rhythm resembles that of intact males [97, 107].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [97]
Estrogen can alter the phasing of neurotransmitter rhythms in the SCN.
“Estrogen can also alter the phasing of neurotransmitter rhythms in the SCN [41, 97, 107].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [97]
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Is female reproductive aging programmed in the womb?
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- Authors
- Krajnak, K., Kashon, M. L., Rosewell, K. L., & Wise, P. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krajnak, Kristine
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1998-10
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 4189-4196
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- OpenAlex
- W2062047767
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f32ag005762-01, 5f32ag005755-02)
- National Institute on Aging (AGO5762, AG-O2224, AGO5755)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- vasoactive intestinal peptide, vasopressin, suprachiasmatic nucleus, circadian rhythm, sex differences, luteinizing hormone surge, GnRH neurons, estradiol, mRNA expression, female rats, light-dark cycle
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arginine Vasopressin, Circadian Rhythm, Estradiol, Female, Male, RNA, Messenger, Sex Factors, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Rats
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