Adrenal Androgens and Androgen Precursors-Definition, Synthesis, Regulation and Physiologic Actions
Open accessAbstract
The human adrenal produces more 19 carbon (C19) steroids, by mass, than either glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids. However, the mechanisms regulating adrenal C19 steroid biosynthesis continue to represent one of the most intriguing mysteries of endocrine physiology. This review will discuss the C19 steroids synthesized by the human adrenal and the features within the adrenal that allow production of these steroids. Finally, we consider the effects of these steroids in normal physiology and disorders of adrenal C19 steroid excess.
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The circadian rhythmicity of cortisol is regulated via ACTH as dictated by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus.
“The circadian rhythmicity of cortisol is regulated via ACTH (18) as dictated by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (19).”
From 24-Hour Profiles of 11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids and Δ5-Steroid Sulfates during Oral and Continuous Subcutaneous Glucocorticoids in 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
In “Mechanisms regulating adrenal C19 steroid production” (page unavailable), the paper links ACTH to cortisol regulation and says C19 steroids show a diurnal pattern resembling ACTH levels. It does not establish that ACTH regulates cortisol’s circadian rhythm. The suprachiasmatic-nucleus clause has a separate citation and is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.79)
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Ibáñez, L., Oberfield, S. E., Witchel, S., Auchus, R. J., Chang, R. J., Codner, E., Dabadghao, P., Darendeliler, F., Elbarbary, N. S., Gambineri, A., et al. (2017) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000479371 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Self-citationRege, J., Turcu, A., Kasa-Vubu, J. Z., Lerario, A. M., Auchus, G. C., Auchus, R. J., Smith, J. M., White, P. C., & Rainey, W. E. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00736 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationA new dawn for androgens: novel lessons from 11-oxygenated C19 steroids
Pretorius, E., Arlt, W., & Storbeck, K.-H. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.014 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Turcu, A. F., Mallappa, A., Nella, A. A., Chen, X., Zhao, L., Nanba, A. T., Byrd, J. B., Auchus, R. J., & Merke, D. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.751191 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationCircadian Rhythms of 11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids and 5-Steroid Sulfates in Healthy Men
Turcu, A. F., Zhao, L., Chen, X., Yang, R., Rege, J., Rainey, W. E., Veldhuis, J. D., & Auchus, R. J. (2021) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-21-0348 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Turcu, A., Smith, J. M., Auchus, R., & Rainey, W. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Comprehensive physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-09-30
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1369-1381
- ISSN
- 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4437668
- OpenAlex
- W1849978496
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 196
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Comprehensive physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK069950)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- adrenal androgens, androgen precursors, C19 steroids, adrenal steroidogenesis, steroidogenesis regulation, adrenal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Androgens, Androstanes, Animals, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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