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Cited by 71Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsDiabetes and associated disordersDiabetes Management and Research

Prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in GH-treated children and adolescents: analysis from the genesis observational research program

Child, Christopher J., Zimmermann, Alan G., Scott, Robin S., Cutler, Gordon B., Battelino, Tadej, Blum, Werner F.·2011·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
DOI 10.1210/jc.2010-3023
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: GH has an insulin antagonist effect, and GH treatment has therefore been suggested to impair glucose metabolism and increase risk of diabetes mellitus. SETTING: Data from 11,686 GH-treated patients in the Genetics and Neuroendocrinology of Short Stature International Study (GeNeSIS), a multinational observational study of children with growth disorders, were analyzed for diabetes incidence. Baseline diabetes prevalence was determined from a GH-naive subgroup. METHODS: Prevalence and incidence (by standardized incidence ratio) were compared with results from patients aged less than 20 yr in the U.S. SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. RESULTS: Baseline type 1 diabetes prevalence per 1000 persons was 4.92 (95% confidence interval = 1.91-12.58) in GeNeSIS and 1.03 (0.97-1.10) in SEARCH for 0- to 9-yr-olds, and 7.33 (4.20-12.77) and 2.99 (2.78-2.98), respectively, for 10- to 19-yr-olds; there were no GeNeSIS cases of type 2 diabetes before GH initiation. During a median 1.8 yr of GH treatment, diabetes standardized incidence ratios for U.S. patients were 1.4 (0.5-3.1) for type 1 and 8.5 (2.8-19.5) for type 2, and for all patients was 1.4 (0.7-2.4) for type 1 and 6.5 (3.3-11.7) for type 2. Among the 11 patients with incident type 2 diabetes, risk factors for diabetes were identified in 10 patients. Glucose concentrations normalized for seven of nine patients for whom glycemic status could be determined (three of whom continued GH therapy and four who discontinued). CONCLUSION: The incidence of type 2 diabetes was higher in GH-treated children than the general population. Monitoring of glucose, before and periodically during GH treatment, is recommended for those with preexisting type 2 diabetes risk factors.

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  • The incidence of developing type 2 diabetes for children under GH treatment was increased more than six times compared to the general population, especially in patients with predisposing risk factors such as obesity.

    “Large-scale cohort studies have shown that, compared to the general population, the incidence of developing type 2 diabetes for children under GH treatment was increased more than six times, especially in patients with predisposing risk factors, such as obesity (46–48).”

    From The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies (2022) · cites this paper as [48]

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Authors
Child, C. J., Zimmermann, A. G., Scott, R. S., Cutler, G. B., Battelino, T., & Blum, W. F.
Affiliations
  • Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
  • Ljubljana University Medical Centre (SI)
  • Eli Lilly (Germany) (DE)
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher
The Endocrine Society
Published
2011-06
Volume
96
Issue
6
Pages
E1025-E1034
ISSN
  • 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7197
DOI
10.1210/jc.2010-3023
OpenAlex
W2070777958
Cited by
71
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
FWCI
4.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
growth hormone therapy, diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, growth disorders, short stature, children and adolescents, diabetes incidence, diabetes prevalence, blood glucose monitoring, Genesis
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Growth Disorders, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index, Incidence, Prevalence, Human Growth Hormone

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