The Role of Age and Excess Body Mass Index in Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in At-Risk Adults
Open accessAbstract
Background: Given the global rise in both type 1 diabetes incidence and obesity, the role of body mass index (BMI) on type 1 diabetes pathophysiology has gained great interest. Sustained excess BMI in pediatric participants of the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention (PTP) cohort increased risk for progression to type 1 diabetes, but the effects of age and obesity in adults remain largely unknown. Objective: To determine the effect of age and sustained obesity on the risk for type 1 diabetes in adult participants in the TrialNet PTP cohort (i.e., nondiabetic autoantibody-positive relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes). Research Design and Methods: Longitudinally accumulated BMI >25 kg/m2 was calculated to generate a cumulative excess BMI (ceBMI) for each participant, with ceBMI values ≥0 kg/m2 and ≥5 kg/m2 representing sustained overweight or obese status, respectively. Recursive partitioning analysis yielded sex- and age-specific thresholds for ceBMI that confer the greatest risk for type 1 diabetes progression. Results: In this cohort of 665 adults (age 20 to 50 years; median follow-up, 3.9 years), 49 participants developed type 1 diabetes. Age was an independent protective factor for type 1 diabetes progression (hazard ratio, 0.95; P = 0.008), with a threshold of >35 years that reduced risk for type 1 diabetes. In men age >35 years and women age <35 years, sustained obesity (ceBMI ≥5 kg/m2) increased the risk for type 1 diabetes. Conclusions: Age is an important factor for type 1 diabetes progression in adults and influences the impact of elevated BMI, indicating an interplay of excess weight, age, and sex in adult type 1 diabetes pathophysiology.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In people with established type 1 diabetes, presence of obesity can worsen insulin resistance, glycemic variability, microvascular disease complications, and cardiovascular risk factors.
“in people with established type 1 diabetes, presence of obesity can worsen insulin resistance, glycemic variability, microvascular disease complications, and cardiovascular risk factors (184 -188).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [184]
The Conclusions (page unavailable) suggest that overweight or obesity may cause insulin resistance, but the study concerns autoantibody-positive adults before clinical type 1 diabetes, not people with established disease. The cited paper does not support the attributed claims about glycemic variability, microvascular complications, or cardiovascular risk factors in people with established type 1 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA recent study suggested obesity may promote progression to overt type 1 diabetes in at-risk individuals, but further confirmatory studies are needed.
“A recent study suggested obesity may promote progression to overt type 1 diabetes in at-risk individuals (183), but further con fi rmatory studies are needed.”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [183]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
Power, D. V. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1593 · Cited by 8,672 · see citing works
CDC growth charts: United States.
Kuczmarski, R. J., Ogden, C. L., Grummer‐Strawn, L. M., Flegal, K. M., Guo, S. S., Wei, R. X., Mei, Z., Curtin, L. R., Roche, A. F., & Johnson, C. L. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 5,298 · see citing works
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014
American Diabetes Association (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-s014 · Cited by 4,572 · see citing works
Patterson, C. C., Dahlquist, G. G., Gyürüs, E., Green, A., & Soltész, G. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60568-7 · Cited by 1,854 · see citing works
Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002–2012
Mayer-Davis, E. J., Lawrence, J. M., Dabelea, D., Divers, J., Isom, S., Dolan, L., Imperatore, G., Linder, B., Marcovina, S., Pettitt, D. J., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1610187 · Cited by 1,476 · see citing works
Insel, R. A., Dunne, J. L., Atkinson, M. A., Chiang, J. L., Dabelea, D., Gottlieb, P. A., Greenbaum, C. J., Herold, K. C., Krischer, J. P., Lernmark, Å., et al. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1419 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes
Maahs, D. M., West, N. A., Lawrence, J. M., & Mayer-Davis, E. J. (2010) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
The accelerator hypothesis: weight gain as the missing link between type I and type II diabetes
Wilkin, T. J. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250100548 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Testosterone concentrations in diabetic and nondiabetic obese men
Dhindsa, S., Miller, M. G., McWhirter, C. L., Mager, D. E., Ghanim, H., Chaudhuri, A., & Dandona, P. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1649 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
A Population-Level Decline in Serum Testosterone Levels in American Men
Travison, T. G., de Araújo, A. B., O’Donnell, A. B., Kupelian, V. A., & McKinlay, J. B. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1375 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Greenbaum, C. J., Mandrup-Poulsen, T. R., McGee, P. F., Battelino, T., Haastert, B., Ludvigsson, J., Pozzilli, P., Lachin, J. M., & Kolb, H. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-2451 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Obesity, increased linear growth, and risk of type 1 diabetes in children.
Hyppönen, E., Virtanen, S. M., Kenward, M. G., Knip, M., Åkerblom, H. K., & Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.12.1755 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Sex Steroid Hormones, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, and Obesity in Men and Women
Tchernof, A., & Despres, J. (2000) · Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme · doi:10.1055/s-2007-978681 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Insulin resistance is a risk factor for progression to Type 1 diabetes
Fourlanos, S., Narendran, P., Byrnes, G. B., Colman, P. G., & Harrison, L. C. (2004) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1507-3 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Genetic, autoimmune, and clinical characteristics of childhood- and adult-onset type 1 diabetes.
Sabbah, E., Savola, K., Ebeling, T., Kulmala, P., Vähäsalo, P., Ilonen, J., Salmela, P. I., & Knip, M. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.9.1326 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Mahon, J. L., Sosenko, J. M., Rafkin‐Mervis, L., Krause-Steinrauf, H. J., Lachin, J. M., Thompson, C. M., Bingley, P. J., Bonifacio, E. E., Palmer, J. P., Eisenbarth, G. S., et al. (2008) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00464.x · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationLatent autoimmune diabetes of the adult: current knowledge and uncertainty
Laugesen, E., Østergaard, J. A., & Leslie, R. D. (2015) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12700 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Betts, P. R., Mulligan, J., Ward, P., Smith, B., & Wilkin, T. J. (2004) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01368.x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet–An International Collaborative Clinical Trials Network
Skyler, J. S., Greenbaum, C. J., Lachin, J. M., Leschek, E., Rafkin‐Mervis, L., Savage, P. J., Spain, L. M., & the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1447.054 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationTrends in Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Among Non-Hispanic White Youth in the U.S., 2002–2009
Lawrence, J. M., Imperatore, G., Dabelea, D., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Linder, B. L., Saydah, S., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., Dolan, L. M., Standiford, D. A., Pihoker, C., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1891 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Sosenko, J. M., Krischer, J. P., Palmer, J. P., Mahon, J. L., Cowie, C. C., Greenbaum, C. J., Cuthbertson, D. D., Lachin, J. M., Skyler, J. S., & the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 Study Group (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1459 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationYu, L., Boulware, D. C., Beam, C. A., Hutton, J. C., Wenzlau, J. M., Greenbaum, C. J., Bingley, P. J., Krischer, J. P., Sosenko, J. M., Skyler, J. S., et al. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2081 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Excess BMI in Childhood: A Modifiable Risk Factor for Type 1 Diabetes Development?
Ferrara, C. T., Geyer, S. M., Liu, Y., Evans‐Molina, C., Libman, I. M., Besser, R. E. J., BECKER, D. J., Rodriguez, H., Moran, A., Gitelman, S. E., et al. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-2331 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of Autoantibodies in the TrialNet Natural History Study
Vehik, K., Beam, C. A., Mahon, J. L., Schatz, D., Haller, M. J., Sosenko, J. M., Skyler, J. S., Krischer, J. P., & for the TrialNet Natural History Study Group (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0560 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sosenko, J. M., Skyler, J. S., Mahon, J. L., Krischer, J. P., Greenbaum, C. J., Rafkin, L. E., Beam, C. A., Boulware, D. C., Matheson, D., Cuthbertson, D. D., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2359 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
for the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group, Meah, F. A., DiMeglio, L. A., Greenbaum, C. J., Blum, J. S., Sosenko, J. M., Pugliese, A., Geyer, S. M., Xu, P., & Evans‐Molina, C. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-3924-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationLauria, A., Barker, A., Schloot, N. C., Hosszúfalusi, N., Ludvigsson, J., Mathieu, C., Mauricio, D., Nordwall, M., der Schueren, B. V., Mandrup-Poulsen, T. R., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0522 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Xu, P., Krischer, J. P., & on behalf of the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-2292 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Viner, R., Hindmarsh, P. C., Taylor, B., & Cole, T. J. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02525.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lee, J. M., Gebremariam, A., Vijan, S. S., & Gurney, J. G. (2012) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.166.1.42 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Development, Validation, and Utility of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS)
Groups, T. D. T. 1. T. A. D. P. T.-T. 1. S., Sosenko, J. M., Skyler, J. S., & Palmer, J. P. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0626-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Prediction of percent body fat measurements in Americans 8 years and older
Stevens, J., Ou, F.-S., Cai, J., Heymsfield, S. B., & Truesdale, K. P. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.231 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Heo, M., Wylie-Rosett, J., Pietrobelli, A., Kabat, G. C., Rohan, T. E., & Faith, M. S. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.134 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Johnson, J. A., Vermeulen, S. U., Toth, E. L., Hemmelgarn, B. R., Ralph-Campbell, K., Hugel, G., King, M., & Crowshoe, L. L. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03405547 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kuchlbauer, V., Vogel, M., Gausche, R., Kapellen, T. M., Rothe, U., Vogel, C., Pfäffle, R. W., & Kieß, W. (2013) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12107 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lee, J. M. (2011) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.159 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lammi, N., Blomstedt, P., Moltchanova, E. V., Eriksson, J. G., Tuomilehto, J. O., & Karvonen, M. (2009) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016340902759101 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Risk of type 2 diabetes and cumulative excess weight exposure in the Framingham Offspring Study
B̀ouchard, D. R., Porneala, B., Janssen, I., Langlois, M., Baillargeon, J., Fox, C. S., Meigs, J. B., D’Agostino, R. B., Pencina, M. J., & Hivert, M. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.11.009 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report
Evert, A. B., Dennison, M., Gardner, C. D., Garvey, W. T., Lau, K. H. K., MacLeod, J., Mitri, J., Pereira, R. F., Rawlings, K., Robinson, S., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci19-0014 · Cited by 1,496 · see citing works
REDONDO, M. J., Geyer, S. M., Steck, A. K., Sharp, S. A., Wentworth, J. M., Weedon, M. N., Antinozzi, P. A., Sosenko, J. M., Atkinson, M. A., Pugliese, A., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-0087 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationHeterogeneity and endotypes in type 1 diabetes mellitus
REDONDO, M. J., & Morgan, N. G. (2023) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00853-0 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationType 1 diabetes in diverse ancestries and the use of genetic risk scores
REDONDO, M. J., Gignoux, C. R., Dabelea, D., Hagopian, W., Önengüt-Gümüşcü, S., Oram, R. A., & Rich, S. S. (2022) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00159-0 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding diabetes heterogeneity: key steps towards precision medicine in diabetes
Leslie, R. D., Ronald, C. W., Franks, P. W., Nadeau, K. J., Pearson, E. R., & REDONDO, M. J. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00159-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationExcess BMI Accelerates Islet Autoimmunity in Older Children and Adolescents
Ferrara-Cook, C. T., Geyer, S. M., Evans‐Molina, C., Libman, I. M., BECKER, D. J., Gitelman, S. E., REDONDO, M. J., & the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-1167 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity in late adolescence and incident type 1 diabetes in young adulthood
Zucker, I., Zloof, Y., Bardugo, A., Tsur, A. M., Lutski, M., Cohen, Y., Cukierman‐Yaffe, T., Minsky, N. C., Derazne, E., Tzur, D., et al. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05722-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Nutrition and Obesity in the Pathogenesis of Youth-Onset Type 1 Diabetes and Its Complications
March, C. A., BECKER, D. J., & Libman, I. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.622901 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationREDONDO, M. J., Steck, A. K., Sosenko, J. M., Anderson, M. S., Antinozzi, P. A., Michels, A. W., Wentworth, J. M., Atkinson, M. A., Pugliese, A., Geyer, S. M., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-0861 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterising the age-dependent effects of risk factors on type 1 diabetes progression
So, M., O’Rourke, C., Ylescupidez, A., Bahnson, H. T., Steck, A. K., Wentworth, J. M., Bruggeman, B., Lord, S. M., Greenbaum, C. J., & Speake, C. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05647-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationChallenges in the diagnosis of diabetes type in pediatrics
Siller, A. F., Tosur, M., Relan, S., Astudillo, M., McKay, S. V., Dabelea, D., & REDONDO, M. J. (2020) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13070 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationIndex60 as an additional diagnostic criterion for type 1 diabetes
REDONDO, M. J., Nathan, B. M., Jacobsen, L. M., Sims, E. K., Bocchino, L. E., Pugliese, A., Schatz, D., Atkinson, M. A., Skyler, J. S., Palmer, J. P., et al. (2021) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05365-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationREDONDO, M. J., & Balasubramanyam, A. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab545 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune cell–adipose tissue crosstalk in metabolic diseases with a focus on type 1 diabetes
Alzaïd, F., Fagherazzi, G., Riveline, J., Bahman, F., Al‐Rashed, F., Al‐Mulla, F., & Ahmad, R. (2025) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-025-06437-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nitecki, M., Gerstein, H. C., Balmakov, Y., Tsur, E., Babushkin, V., Michaeli, T., Afek, A. B., Pinhas‐Hamiel, O., Cukierman‐Yaffe, T., & Twig, G. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-02007-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A composite immune signature parallels disease progression across T1D subjects
Speake, C., Skinner, S. O., Berel, D., Whalen, E., Dufort, M. J., Young, W. C., Odegard, J., Pesenacker, A. M., Gorus, F., James, E. A., et al. (2019) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.126917 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
New insights on the genetics of type 1 diabetes
Oram, R. A., & REDONDO, M. J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000489 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationTime to reframe the disease staging system for type 1 diabetes
Jacobsen, L. M., Atkinson, M. A., Sosenko, J. M., & Gitelman, S. E. (2024) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00239-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond Stages: Predicting Individual Time Dependent Risk for Type 1 Diabetes
Pribitzer, S., O’Rourke, C., Ylescupidez, A., Smithmyer, M. E., Bender, C., Speake, C., Lord, S. M., & Greenbaum, C. J. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae292 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Karpen, S. R., Dunne, J. L., Frohnert, B. I., Marinac, M., Richard, C., David, S. E., & O’Doherty, I. M. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05751-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Co-morbidity of type 1 diabetes and endometriosis: bringing a new paradigm into focus
Simmen, R. C. M., Brown, D. M., Quick, C. M., Alhallak, I., Rose, T., Liu, S. J., & Kelley, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-19-0248 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yao, Q., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Wei, Q., Dai, L., HUANG, M. L., Chen, Y., Gu, Y., Yang, T., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-025-02557-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Immunomodulatory agents and cell therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes
Rodacki, M., Silva, K. R., Araújo, D. B., Dantas, J. R., Ramos, M. E. N., Zajdenverg, L., & Baptista, L. S. (2024) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-4292-2024-0233 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
High Residual β-cell Function in Chinese Patients With Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes
Wang, Y., Yao, Q., Gu, H., Zhang, L., Wang, J., Huang, Y., Shi, Y., Hu, Q., Chen, Y., Gu, Y., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac077 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Le, M. V., Harrison, L. C., Spelman, T. D., & Wentworth, J. M. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-2794 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Dynamic Origins of Type 1 Diabetes
Leslie, R. D., & Grant, S. F. A. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci18-0034 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
High-Fat Diet: A Paradoxical Factor in the Setting of Type 1 Diabetes
Lu, W.-Y., Rong, S.-J., Liu, S., Yang, C., Liu, Y.-C., Al-Siddiqi, H., Sun, F., & Wang, C.-Y. (2025) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf184 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sosenko, J. M., Cuthbertson, D. D., Jacobsen, L. M., REDONDO, M. J., Sims, E. K., Ismail, H. M., Herold, K. C., Skyler, J. S., Nathan, B. M., & Groups, D.-1. A. T. S. (2025) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2024.0422 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationREDONDO, M. J., Cuthbertson, D., Gupta, R., Siller, A. F., Devaraj, S., Vehik, K., Ismail, H. M., & Balasubramanyam, A. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-0833 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Predictors of Response to Oral Insulin for Type 1 Diabetes Prevention
You, L., Parikh, H. M., Triolo, T. M., Ferrat, L. A., Templeman, E. L., Oram, R. A., Gottlieb, P. A., Rich, S. S., Önengüt-Gümüşcü, S., Steck, A. K., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-2006
Self-citationNitecki, M., Gerstein, H. C., Balmakov, Y., Tsur, E., Babushkin, V., Michaeli, T., Afek, A., Pinhas-Hamiel, O., Cukierman‐Yaffe, T., & Twig, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26635080
From disease heterogeneity to precision therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Nigi, L., Pagano, R., Sarti, F., Sebastiani, G., & Dotta, F. (2026) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-026-04637-0
Carlsson, S., Tuomilehto, J., & Lampousi, A. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06878-0
- Authors
- Ferrara, C. T., Geyer, S. M., Evans-Molina, C., Libman, I. M., Becker, D. J., Wentworth, J. M., Moran, A., Gitelman, S. E., Redondo, M. J., & Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of South Florida (US)
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (US)
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital (AU)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Texas Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ferrara, Christine T
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2017-10-06
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4596-4603
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC5718698
- OpenAlex
- W2767148243
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- PMC
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (K12-DK-094726, U01-DK-103180-01)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U01 DK061010, U01 DK061034, U01 DK061042, U01 DK061058, U01 DK085465, U01 DK085453, U01 DK085461, U01 DK085463, U01 DK085466, U01 DK085499, U01 DK085504, U01 DK085505, U01 DK085509, U01 DK103180, U01-DK103153, U01-DK085476, U01-DK103266)
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, disease progression, body mass index, obesity, age, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Algorithms, Autoantibodies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Humans, Insulin Antibodies, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Socioeconomic Factors, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Disease Progression, Overweight, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
