The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Both hyper- and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occur transiently in acute illness: bio- and immunoactive gonadotropins.
Abstract
Previous reports of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in critically ill men may not reflect the complexity of changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis during acute illness. We sampled blood throughout hospitalization in 55 men admitted to acute care units to delineate the spectrum of changes in circulating gonadotropin and sex steroid levels at the onset and during recovery from acute illness. Bioactive LH and FSH were measured in a subset of patients. Percent free testosterone was measured to assess changes in binding to sex hormone binding globulin. Medications and serum estrogen and prolactin levels were monitored as potential causes of hypogonadotropism. Sustained suppression of serum testosterone levels below the normal range occurred in 62% of men with varying diagnoses and disease severity. Percent free testosterone remained constant. Hypogonadotropism was observed in most men (60%) and occurred independently from head injury, surgery, medications, or hyperprolactinemia. In a subset of men (n = 16), LH and/or FSH rose transiently above the normal range. Bioactivity of both LH and FSH remained constant while serum testosterone levels decreased. In contrast to serum testosterone levels, mean serum levels of E1, E2 and androstenedione were not less than control values. We conclude that both primary and secondary hypogonadism occur transiently in acutely ill men and cannot be explained solely by medications, hyperprolactinemia, or hyperestrogenemia. Neither biopotency of gonadotropins nor binding of testosterone to SHBG change across the course of acute illness. The hypogonadism, often severe and prolonged, may contribute to the persistent catabolic state observed in many critically ill patients.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hypogonadotropism in men is also known to occur in the context of acute starvation (19,50) and critical illness (51).”
From Functional Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Men: Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and Natural History (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Systemic diseases, eating disorders, extensive exercise, and a number of medications or recreational drugs (e.g., GCs, opiates, ketoconazole, barbiturates, cocaine) affect T levels (92,93).”
From Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2016) · cites this paper as [92]
Citations
Cites
Reduction of Serum Testosterone Levels During Chronic Glucocorticoid Therapy
MacADAMS, M. R., WHITE, R. H., & CHIPPS, B. E. (1986) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-104-5-648 · Cited by 391
Catabolic Illness: Strategies for Enhancing Recovery
Flier, J. S., Underhill, L. H., & Wilmore, D. W. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199109053251005 · Cited by 334
Acute Suppression of Circulating Testosterone Levels by Cortisol in Men*
CUMMING, D. C., QUIGLEY, M. E., & YEN, S. S. C. (1983) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-57-3-671 · Cited by 333
Hammond, G. L., Nisker, J. A., Jones, L. A., & Siiteri, P. K. (1980) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70742-x · Cited by 268
Reversible gonadotropin Deficiency in Male Cushing's Dusease
LUTON, J.-P., THIEBLOT, P., VALCKE, J.-C., MAHOUDEAU, J. A., & BRICAIRE, H. (1977) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-45-3-488 · Cited by 202
Insulinlike Growth Factor 1 Production Is Inhibited in Human Sepsis
Dahn, M. S. (1988) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400350123019 · Cited by 194
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Inhibits Gonadotropin Secretion in the Ovariectomized Rhesus Monkey*
Olster, D. H., & Ferin, M. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-65-2-262 · Cited by 187
In Vitro Bioassay of LH in Human Serum: The Rat Interstitial Cell Testosterone (RICT) Assay
DUFAU, M. L., POCK, R., NEUBAUER, A., & CATT, K. J. (1976) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-42-5-958 · Cited by 175
Effect of Burn Trauma on Adrenal and Testicular Steroid Hormone Production*
Lephart, E. D., Baxter, C. R., & Parker, C. R. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-64-4-842 · Cited by 153
Reproductive function during fasting in men
KLIBANSKI, A., BEITINS, I. Z., BADGER, T., LITTLE, R., & MCARTHUR, J. W. (1981) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-53-2-258 · Cited by 128
Self-citation
Cited by
The Decline of Androgen Levels in Elderly Men and Its Clinical and Therapeutic Implications
Kaufman, J. M., & Vermeulen, A. (2005) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2004-0013 · Cited by 1,079
Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Fleseriu, M., Hashim, I. A., Karavitaki, N., Melmed, S., Murad, M. H., Salvatori, R., & Samuels, M. H. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2118 · Cited by 945
Dangerous dogmas in medicine: the nonthyroidal illness syndrome
De Groot, L. J. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.1.5364 · Cited by 505
Corona, G., Goulis, D. G., Huhtaniemi, I., Zitzmann, M., Toppari, J., Forti, G., Vanderschueren, D., & Wu, F. C. (2020) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12770 · Cited by 431
Neuroendocrine dysfunction in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury
Agha, A., Rogers, B., Mylotte, D., Taleb, F., Tormey, W., Phillips, J., & Thompson, C. J. (2004) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02023.x · Cited by 313
“Suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis has been reported in other acute illnesses (Levitan et al., 1984; Spratt et al., 1992) and following head injury (Hackl et al.”
BackgroundTesticular macrophage modulation of Leydig cell steroidogenesis
Hales, D. B. (2002) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-0378(02)00020-7 · Cited by 307
The Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome
Adler, S. M., & Wartofsky, L. (2007) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.04.007 · Cited by 221
Reproductive axis suppression in acute illness is related to disease severity
Spratt, D. I., Cox, P. M., Orav, E. J., Moloney, J., & Bigos, T. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.6.8501163 · Cited by 210
Self-citationHarris, I. D., Fronczak, C. M., Roth, L. W., & Meacham, R. B. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 201
De Groot, L. J. (2006) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2005.10.001 · Cited by 188
“Serum testosterone drops rapidly, as does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) [56,57].”
BackgroundBasic Infertility Including Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Brassard, M., Ainmelk, Y., & Baillargeon, J. (2008) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2008.04.008 · Cited by 189
“Acute illnesses, in turn, may lead to transient forms of either hypogonadotropic or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism [35,36].”
BackgroundRole of cytokines in testicular function
Hales, D. B., Thorsten Diemer, A., & Hales, K. H. (1999) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/bf02738619 · Cited by 174
The natural history of post-traumatic hypopituitarism: implications for assessment and treatment
Agha, A., Phillips, J., O’Kelly, P., Tormey, W., & Thompson, C. J. (2005) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.042 · Cited by 173
Dhindsa, S., Zhang, N., McPhaul, M. J., Wu, Z. R., Ghoshal, A. K., Erlich, E. C., Mani, K. M., Randolph, G. J., Edwards, J. R., Mudd, P. A., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11398 · Cited by 167
Neuroendocrine responses following graded traumatic brain injury in male adults
Cernak, V. J. S. (1999) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/026990599121016 · Cited by 142
Anterior pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Agha, A., & Thompson, C. J. (2006) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02517.x · Cited by 108
Male Hypogonadism in Systemic Disease
Kalyani, R. R., Gavini, S., & Dobs, A. S. (2007) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.03.014 · Cited by 137
Van den Berghe, G., Baxter, R. C., Weekers, F., Wouters, P., Bowers, C. Y., Iranmanesh, A., Veldhuis, J. D., & Bouillon, R. (2002) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01255.x · Cited by 134
“Hypoandrogenism also represents a prominent endocrine manifestation of critical illness, which may contribute to the catabolic state of sick men (Woolf et al., 1985; Spratt et al., 1992, 1993; Van den Berghe et al., 1994b, 2001).”
BackgroundTraumatic Brain Injury Outcomes in Pre- and Post- Menopausal Females Versus Age-Matched Males
Davis, D. P., Douglas, D. J., Smith, W., Sise, M. J., Vilke, G. M., Holbrook, T. L., Kennedy, F., Eastman, A. B., Velky, T., & Hoyt, D. B. (2006) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2006.23.140 · Cited by 132
“…hormonal cycles and produces an estrogen or progesterone withdrawal syndrome in pre-but not post-menopausal females (Fleischer et al., 1978; Kosteljanetz et al., 1981; Woolf et al., 1986; Spratt et al., 1992; Murphy et al., 2000; Agha et al., 2004; Dimopoulou et al., 2004; Land-gren et al., 2004).”
The interrelationships between thyroid dysfunction and hypogonadism in men and boys
Meikle, A. W. (2004) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072504323024552 · Cited by 128
“…illnesses can cause hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, but the hypothyroid symptoms usually resolve or improve with thyroid hormone replacement therapy, making it unlikely that underlying illnesses are the cause of such frequent occurrence of testosterone deficiency in primary hypothyroidism (26–29).”
Iglesias, P., Carrero, J. J., & Díez, J. J. (2011) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.5301/jn.2011.8481 · Cited by 125
den Berghe, G. V., Weekers, F., Baxter, R. C., Wouters, P. J., Iranmanesh, A., Bouillon, R., & Veldhuis, J. D. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7680 · Cited by 116
REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF NONTESTICULAR ILLNESS
Baker, H. W. G. (1998) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70043-8 · Cited by 99
Mitchell, R. M., Hollls, S., Rothwell, C., & Robertson, W. R. (1995) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02669.x · Cited by 95
“Indeed, even bLH levels, which can fall during acute or chronic illness (Spratt et al., 1992), reduced by only 2.”
BackgroundSpratt, D. I., Morton, J. R., Kramer, R. S., Mayo, S. W., Longcope, C., & Vary, C. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00467.2005 · Cited by 88
“This decrease may be caused by multiple factors, including suppressed gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, resulting in hypogonadotropism as well as decreased testicular response to gonadotropins in at least some patients (34).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGlucocorticoids and Osteoporosis
Adler, R. A., & Rosen, C. J. (1994) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(18)30090-2 · Cited by 79
DeGroot, L. J. (2003) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03349151 · Cited by 76
Donnelly, P. E., & White, C. (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00918.x · Cited by 76
Hannon, M. J., Sherlock, M., & Thompson, C. J. (2011) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.06.001 · Cited by 69
The Neuroendocrine Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Rothman, M. S., Arciniegas, D. B., Filley, C. M., & Wierman, M. E. (2007) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2007.19.4.363 · Cited by 68
Altered gonadal steroidogenesis in critical illness: is treatment with anabolic steroids indicated?
Spratt, D. I. (2001) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1053/beem.2001.0165 · Cited by 64
Self-citationGender dimorphism following injury: making the connection from bench to bedside
Sperry, J. L., & Minei, J. P. (2007) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0607360 · Cited by 60
“Serum estrogen levels were shown to remain relatively stable in males following acute illness [102].”
BackgroundGarrahy, A., Sherlock, M., & Thompson, C. J. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-0962 · Cited by 53
Seasonal variation in serum testosterone, T3 and andrological parameters of two Turkish sheep breeds
Gündoğan, M. (2006) · Small Ruminant Research · doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.11.005 · Cited by 52
High risk of hypogonadism after traumatic brain injury: Clinical implications
Agha, A., & Thompson, C. J. (2005) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-005-3463-4 · Cited by 51
“Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, resulting in low sex-steroid concentration and both immunoreactive and biologically active serum gonadotropin levels, has been reported in patients with acute critical illness [13,14].”
BackgroundÖktenli, Ç. (2004) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh161 · Cited by 51
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Zonszein, J. (1995) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0094-0143(21)00695-9 · Cited by 48
Immunophysiology of the Male Reproductive Tract
Hedger, M. P., & Hales, D. B. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012515400-0/50030-0 · Cited by 46
Dwyer, A. A., Chavan, N. R., Lewkowitz-Shpuntoff, H., Plummer, L., Hayes, F. J., Seminara, S. B., Crowley, W. F., Pitteloud, N., & Balasubramanian, R. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-02697 · Cited by 41
“Hypogonadotropism in men is also known to occur in the context of acute starvation (19, 50) and critical illness”
BackgroundDousdampanis, P., Trigka, K., Fourtounas, C., & Bargman, J. M. (2013) · Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis · doi:10.1111/1744-9987.12101 · Cited by 44
Endocrine and metabolic issues in the management of the chronically critically ill patient
Mechanick, J. I., & Brett, E. M. (2002) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0749-0704(02)00005-2 · Cited by 40
Associations between COVID-19 infection and sex steroid hormones
Cai, Z., Zhong, J., Jiang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.940675 · Cited by 36
The effect of toxoplasmosis on the level of some sex hormones in males blood donors in Baghdad
Zghair, K. H., AL-Qadhi, B. N., & Mahmood, S. S. (2013) · Journal of Parasitic Diseases · doi:10.1007/s12639-013-0382-6 · Cited by 38
Hypothalamic pituitary abnormalities in tubercular meningitis at the time of diagnosis
Dhanwal, D. K., Vyas, A., Sharma, A., & Saxena, A. (2010) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-010-0234-7 · Cited by 35
“persistently elevated cortisol and low testosterone with low gonadotropin levels [20, 21].”
Endogenous Mediators in Sepsis and Septic Shock
Beishuizen, A., Vermes, I., & Haanen, C. (1998) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60206-1 · Cited by 32
COVID-19 Infection in Men on Testosterone Replacement Therapy
Rambhatla, A., Bronkema, C., Corsi, N. J., Keeley, J., Sood, A., Affas, Z., Dabaja, A. A., ROGERS, C. G., Liroff, S. A., & Abdollah, F. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.09.013 · Cited by 31
“There is evidence to suggest that most men admitted to acute care units have a transient suppression of testosterone to a level below the normal range.(9) A decreased testosterone level is associated with an increase in proinflammatory markers such as IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-a.”
Serum Testosterone Levels After Cardiac Transplantation
Fleischer, J. B., McMahon, D. J., Hembree, W. C., Addesso, V., Longcope, C., & Shane, E. J. (2008) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e318166ac10 · Cited by 30
“However, some men (14%) had elevated gonadotropin levels, consistent with another study that suggests that both primary and secondary hypogonadism can occur (7).”
ResultSelf-citationAn elusive role for glycosylation in the structure and function of reproductive hormones
Willey, K. (1999) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/5.4.330 · Cited by 31
Mapping the Steroid Response to Major Trauma From Injury to Recovery: A Prospective Cohort Study
Foster, M., TAYLOR, A. E. R., Hill, N. E., Bentley, C., Bishop, J. R. B., Gilligan, L. C., Shaheen, F., Bion, J., Fallowfield, J. L., Woods, D. R., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz302 · Cited by 32
Physiological effects of nonthyroidal illness syndrome in patients after cardiac surgery
Spratt, D. I., Frohnauer, M. K., Cyr-Alves, H., Kramer, R. S., Lucas, F. L., Morton, J. R., COX, D. F., Becker, K., & Devlin, J. T. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00687.2006 · Cited by 30
“Thus the hypogonadotropism and decreased testicular responsiveness to luteinizing hormone (6, 22, 32, 33) seem to occur independently from NTIS.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCentral causes of hypogonadism—functional and organic
Warren, M. P., & Vu, C. Q. (2003) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00042-2 · Cited by 28
Spratt, D. I., Kramer, R. S., Morton, J. R., Lucas, F. L., Becker, K., & Longcope, C. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00472.2007 · Cited by 25
“Assays. Serum levels of LH and FSH were measured with an in-house radioimmunoassay using 2nd IRP (Biodata) as a reference standard, as reported previously ( 44 ).”
MethodSelf-citationDeGroot, L. J. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00089-5 · Cited by 23
The Endocrinologic Changes in Critically Ill Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
Akbaş, T., Karakurt, S., Ünlügüzel, G., Çelikel, T., & Akalın, S. (2010) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.3109/15412555.2010.496815 · Cited by 24
“Elevation of testosterone to normal values was reported to take 2–12 months (29, 35).”
BackgroundResultA study on endocrine changes in patients in intensive care unit.
Sahana, P. K., Ghosh, A., Mukhopadhyay, P., Pandit, K., Chowdhury, B. R., & Chowdhury, S. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 22
Testosterone and Covid‐19: An update
Yassin, A. A., Shabsigh, R., Al‐Zoubi, R. M., Aboumarzouk, O. M., Alwani, M. M., Nettleship, J. E., & Kelly, D. M. (2022) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2395 · Cited by 17
Lado-Abeal, J., Prieto, D., Lorenzo, M., Lojo, S., Febrero, M., Camarero, E., & Cabezas-Cerrato, J. (1999) · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00051-9 · Cited by 15
Cui, Y., She, T., Zhao, H., Li, J., Li, L., Gao, W., & Li, H. (2018) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1496-6 · Cited by 17
Critical illness and sex hormones: response and impact of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
Ma, Y., Fan, X., Han, J., Cheng, Y., Zhao, J., Fang, W. Y., & Gao, L. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/20420188251328192 · Cited by 20
“20,21,25,26,28,29 While male patients in critical conditions have lower testosterone levels than those in the control group, 13,25,26,30 female patients in similar conditions tend to have higher levels.”
Some Reproductive Parameters and Biochemical Properties in Akkaraman and Awassi Rams
Gündoğan, M. (2005) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 13
Regulation of Leydig Cell Function as it Pertains to the Inflammatory Response
Hales, D. B. (2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-453-7_21 · Cited by 12
Matikainen, T., Haavisto, A., Permi, J., de Kretser, D., & Huhtaniemi, I. T. (1994) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02507.x · Cited by 12
The pıtuıtary-gonadal-thyroıd and lactotroph axes ın crıtıcally ıll patıents
Akbaş, T., Deyneli, O., Sönmez, F. T., & Akalın, S. (2015) · Endokrynologia Polska · doi:10.5603/ep.a2016.0032 · Cited by 10
“The decrease was not dependent on disease type, patient’s age, and medications used [5, 14].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAndrogens and COVID-19: exploring the role of testosterone replacement therapy
Punjani, N., & Flannigan, R. K. (2022) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-021-00524-6 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, even amongst those who are hypogonadal without the use of ADT, is it that the lower testosterone is responsible for worse outcomes or does severe disease result in a more prominent decline in testosterone? [18] Answers to these questions are critical when considering the role of androgens in COVID-19 as w…”
BackgroundEndocrinal disturbances and systemic inflammatiom in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Shaker, A., Elshora, A. E., El-Gammal, M. S., & Labib, H. A. (2012) · Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.ejcdt.2012.10.011 · Cited by 10
Nayil, K., Ramzan, A., Shoaib, Y., Bashir, M. I., Wani, A. A., & Shafiq, A. (2013) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · doi:10.5812/ijem.8241 · Cited by 10
“Studies which have reported these changes have been carried out mostly in polytrauma, septic shock and renal failure (1-3, 10, 11, 14-20).”
BackgroundMale reproductive hormones in patients treated with pretomanid
Boekelheide, K., Olugbosi, M., Nedelman, J. R., Everitt, D. E., Smith, E., Betteridge, M., Sun, E., & Spigelman, M. (2022) · The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · doi:10.5588/ijtld.21.0654 · Cited by 9
Feldt‐Rasmussen, U., & Klose, M. (2025) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2025.102020 · Cited by 9
Kasman, A. M., Bhambhvani, H. P., Li, S., Zhang, C. A., Stevenson, D. K., Shaw, G. M., Simard, J. F., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2020) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.09.153 · Cited by 7
Plymate, S. R. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-388-0_3 · Cited by 8
Trauma and the endocrine system
Mesquita, J., Varela, A. T. I. F., & Medina, J. L. (2010) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2010.06.012 · Cited by 8
Maggi, M., & Forti, G. (1994) · Baillière s Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0950-351x(05)80305-2 · Cited by 8
Devine, K., Russell, C. D., Blanco, G. R., Walker, B. R., Homer, N. Z. M., Denham, S. G., Simpson, J., Leavy, O. C., Elneima, O., McAuley, H., et al. (2024) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.15012 · Cited by 7
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD SERUM IN RAMS
Gündoğan, M., Yeni, D., Uçar, M., & Özenç, E. (2004) · Archives of Andrology · doi:10.1080/01485010490474634 · Cited by 7
“The concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) and testosterone in the blood serum was measured using commercial chemiluminescent kits (ADVIA Centaur Competitive Immunoassay System, Bayer Diagnostic Corporation, US) [17].”
MethodThyroid Response to Critical Illness
LoPresti, J. S., & Nicoloff, J. T. (1997) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2584-1_8 · Cited by 6
Testosterone levels increase in association with recovery from acute fracture in men
Cheung, A. S., Baqar, S., Sia, R., Hoermann, R., Iuliano-Burns, S., Vu, T. D. T., Chiang, C. Y., Hamilton, E. J., Gianatti, E., Seeman, E., et al. (2014) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2727-0 · Cited by 6
“While this is the first longitudinal case-control study to quantify the effects of an acute fracture on circulating testosterone levels, the magnitude of the deficit of 4060% is comparable to that of other acute illnesses reported previously [4-6].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAndrogen replacement in the male: recent studies
Hayes, F. J. (2001) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1097/00060793-200112000-00007 · Cited by 6
Allan, C. A., & McLachlan, R. I. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5583-9.00139-8 · Cited by 5
Gonadotropin Deficiency: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Welt, C. K., & Hall, J. E. (1997) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3954-3_11 · Cited by 5
Abdel‐Wahab, A., Ibrahim, S. S., El‐Anwar, A. H., Mabrook, E., Ibrahim, T. B., & Abdel‐Razik, A. H. (2022) · Reproduction in Domestic Animals · doi:10.1111/rda.14212 · Cited by 5
Pituitary Dysfunction in Systemic Disorders
Fleseriu, M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804169-7.00011-8 · Cited by 4
Diagnosing and treating the elderly individual with hypopituitarism
Corsello, A., Paragliola, R. M., & Salvatori, R. (2023) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09870-w · Cited by 4
“Testosterone concentrations may also be temporarily decreased during acute illness or due to medication use [95], as well as following ingestion of food [96].”
Natural course of hypogonadism diagnosed during hospitalization in aged male patients
Iglesias, P., Prado, F., Muñoz, A., Guerrero, M. T., Macías, M. C., Ridruejo, E., Tajada, P., García-Arévalo, C., & Díez, J. J. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0417-5 · Cited by 5
An unusual cause of hyponatraemia
Bradley, Olliff, Winer, & Franklyn (1999) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00735.x · Cited by 4
Pitteloud, N., Villegas, J., Dwyer, A. A., Crowley, W. F., McPhaul, M. J., & Hayes, F. J. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031373 · Cited by 4
A Review of Literature on Thyroid Hormone Disorders Originated from Extra Thyroidal Illness
Mansourian, A. R. (2013) · Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/jbs.2014.20.37 · Cited by 4
Zhang, J., & Zhao, X.-L. (2022) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s361791 · Cited by 3
Ali, E., Abu‐Tineh, M., Rozi, W., Ali, B., Babiker, A., Hailan, Y. M. A., Al-maharmeh, Q., Maat, Z., Ismail, A. S., & Yassin, M. A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.25953 · Cited by 3
Allan, C. A., & McLachlan, R. I. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00139-6 · Cited by 4
Hypogonadism and Erectile Dysfunction
Wierman, M. E. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-293-7_14 · Cited by 3
Implications of Dysnatremia and Endocrine Disturbances in COVID-19 Patients
Zlosa, M., Grubišić, B., Švitek, L., Sabadi, D., Canecki-Varžić, S., Mihaljević, I., Bilić-Čurčić, I., & Kizivat, T. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25189856 · Cited by 3
The Neuroendocrinology and Immunology of Critical Illness
Vermes, I., & Beishuizen, A. (2007) · Neuroimmune biology · doi:10.1016/s1567-7443(07)00216-5 · Cited by 2
Cambios hormonales en las enfermedades críticas
Albareda, M., & Corcoy, R. (2001) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/s1575-0922(01)73500-0 · Cited by 2
Wranicz, J. K., Cygankiewicz, I., Kula, P., Walczak-Jędrzejowska, R., Słowikowska‐Hilczer, J., & Kula, K. (2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 2
The effect of zinc bacitracin on the physiology of broilers fed plant and animal protein diets.
Ogboko, B. (2010) · Cited by 2
Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Males: Clinical Features and Pathophysiology
Balasubramanian, R., & Crowley, W. F. (2017) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53298-1_5 · Cited by 2
Case 35-2012: A Man with Weakness, Anorexia, and Diffuse Pain
Uihlein, A., Greenwald, J. L., & Russell, S. J. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1215216 · Cited by 2
Hormone Replacement Therapy with Testosterone
Bassas, L., & Resmini, E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37393-0_173-1 · Cited by 1
Pituitary Dysfunction in Systemic Disorders
Marques, P., & Korbonits, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99899-4.00024-x · Cited by 1
Dangerous Dogmas in Medicine: The Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome
DeGroot, L. J. (1999) · The Endocrinologist · doi:10.1097/00019616-199905000-00020 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Spratt, D. I., Bigos, S. T., Beitins, I., Cox, P., Longcope, C., & Orav, J.
- Affiliations
- Maine Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Spratt, D I
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1992-12
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1562-1570
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2039730717
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, acute illness, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, free testosterone, estrogen, androstenedione, hyperprolactinemia, catabolic state
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adult, Aged, Biological Assay, Follow-Up Studies, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Gonadotropins, Humans, Hypogonadism, Immunologic Techniques, Luteinizing Hormone, Male, Middle Aged, Prolactin, Gonadal Steroid Hormones
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
