Domains of the human androgen receptor involved in steroid binding, transcriptional activation, and subcellular localization
Open accessAbstract
A series of human androgen receptor (AR) deletion mutants was constructed to study the relationship between the structural domains and their different functions in the AR protein. Human AR mutants were expressed in COS-1 and HeLa cells to investigate hormone binding, transcriptional activation, and subcellular localization. The wild-type human AR (AR 1–910) was expressed as a 110- to 112-kDa doublet, as revealed on immunoblots. All mutant AR proteins also migrated as doublets, except for one. This AR has a deletion from amino acid residues 51–211 and migrated as a single protein band, possibly due to altered posttranslational modification. The AR steroid-binding domain is encoded by approximately 250 amino acid residues in the Cterminal end. Deletions in this domain as well as truncation of the last 12 C-terminal amino acid residues abolished hormone binding. Cotransfection studies in HeLa cells showed that transcriptional activation of an androgen-regulated reporter gene construct was induced by the wildtype human AR. Mutational analysis revealed two regions in the N-terminal part, encoded by amino acid residues 51–211 and 244–360, to be essential for this transcriptional activation. Deletion of the hormone-binding domain yielded a constitutively active AR protein, indicating that in the absence of hormone this domain displays an inhibitory function. In the presence of its ligand, the wild-type AR was located in the cell nucleus. In the absence of androgens the receptor was mainly nuclear, but cytoplasmic localization was observed as well. In contrast, an AR deletion mutant lacking part of the DNAbinding domain and part of the hinge region was exclusively cytoplasmic in the absence of hormone. This mutant AR lacks a region that is highly conserved among steroid receptors and homologous to the simian virus-40 large T-antigen- and nucleoplas-min-nuclear localization signals. Transformation by hormone directed this mutant to the nucleus, indicating the presence of a second, hormone-dependent nuclear targeting mechanism.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
AR mutants lacking AF-2 or splicing variants lacking the LBD still have potent transcription activation.
“AF-2 deletion mutants of AR or AR splicing variants lacking LBD still possess potent transcription activation functions (Guo et al., 2009; Jenster et al., 1995; Jenster et al., 1991; Simental et al., 1991).”
From Structural Insights of Transcriptionally Active, Full-Length Androgen Receptor Coactivator Complexes (2020) · cites this paper as Jenster et al., 1991
In “Domains Required for Transcriptional Activation” (page unavailable), the paper reports that an AR mutant lacking the complete steroid-binding domain activated transcription at approximately the level of hormone-bound wild-type AR. It studied engineered deletion mutants, not AR splice variants, and does not specifically identify an AF-2 deletion. Those distinctions are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Steroid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Superfamily
Evans, R. M. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3283939 · Cited by 7,442 · see citing works
High-Efficiency Transformation of Mammalian Cells by Plasmid DNA
Chen, C., & Okayama, H. (1987) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.7.8.2745 · Cited by 5,374 · see citing works
How eukaryotic transcriptional activators work
Ptashne, M. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/335683a0 · Cited by 1,828 · see citing works
Monoclonal antibodies localize oestrogen receptor in the nuclei of target cells
King, W. J., & Greene, G. L. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/307745a0 · Cited by 1,408 · see citing works
Functional domains of the human estrogen receptor
Kumar, V., Green, S., Stack, G., Berry, M., Jin, J.-R., & Chambon, P. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90581-2 · Cited by 1,316 · see citing works
Nuclear receptors enhance our understanding of transcription regulation
Green, S., & Chambon, P. (1988) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/0168-9525(88)90108-4 · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
A simple phase-extraction assay for chloramphenicol acyltransferase activity
Seed, B., & Sheen, J.-Y. (1988) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(88)90403-9 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Two signals mediate hormone‐dependent nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid receptor.
Picard, D., & Yamamoto, K. R. (1987) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02654.x · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Functional domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor
Giguère, V., Hollenberg, S. M., Rosenfeld, M. G., & Evans, R. M. (1986) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90339-9 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
High-Efficiency Transformation of Mammalian Cells by Plasmid DNA
Chen, C., & Okayama, H. (1987) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.7.8.2745-2752.1987 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Multiple and cooperative trans-activation domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor
Hollenberg, S. M., & Evans, R. M. (1988) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90145-6 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Transcriptional activation and nuclear targeting signals of the human androgen receptor.
Simental, J. A., Sar, M., Lane, M. V., French, F. S., & Wilson, E. M. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52466-2 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Fawell, S. E. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90343-d · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Tsai, S. Y., Carlstedt‐Duke, J., Weigel, N. L., Dahlman, K., Gustafsson, J.-Α., Tsai, M., & O’Malley, B. W. (1988) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90059-1 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Fuxé, K., Wikström, A., Okret, S., Agnati, L. F., Härfstrand, A., Yu, Z., Granholm, L., Zoli, M., Vale, W., & Gustafsson, J.-Α. (1985) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-117-5-1803 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Hollenberg, S. M., Giguère, V., Segui, P., & Evans, R. M. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90753-7 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Many Transcription Factors Interact Synergistically with Steroid Receptors
Schüle, R., Müller, M., Kaltschmidt, C., & Renkawitz, R. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3201230 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical Localization of the Androgen Receptor in Rat and Human Tissues*
Sar, M., Lubahn, D. B., French, F. S., & Wilson, E. M. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-127-6-3180 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Functional Domains and Upstream Activation Properties of Cloned Human TATA Binding Protein
Peterson, M. G., Tanese, N., Pugh, B. F., & Tjian, R. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2363050 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Lubahn, D. B., Brown, T. R., Simental, J. A., Higgs, H. N., Migeon, C. J., Wilson, E. M., & French, F. S. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.23.9534 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid receptor mutants that are constitutive activators of transcriptional enhancement
Godowski, P. J., Rusconi, S., Miesfeld, R. L., & Yamamoto, K. R. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/325365a0 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Androgen receptors in endocrine‐therapy‐resistant human prostate cancer
van der Kwast, T., Schalken, J. A., de Winter, J. A. R., van Vroonhoven, J. C. C., Mulder, E., Boersma, W. J. A., & Trapman, J. (1991) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910480206 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Self-citationThe human androgen receptor: Domain structure, genomic organization and regulation of expression
Brinkmann, A. O., Faber, P. W., van Rooij, H. C. J., Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Ris‐Stalpers, C., Klaassen, P., van der Korput, J. A. G. M., Voorhorst, M., van Laar, J. H., Mulder, E., et al. (1989) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(89)90098-8 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citationGuiochon‐Mantel, A., Loosfelt, H., Lescop, P., Sar, S., Atger, M., Perrot‐Applanat, M., & Milgröm, E. (1989) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90052-4 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Immunocytochemical Study of Mammalian Progesterone Receptor Using Monoclonal Antibodies*
Perrot‐Applanat, M., Logeat, F., Picard‐Groyer, M., & Milgröm, E. (1985) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-116-4-1473 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Identification of two transactlvation domains in the mouse oestrogen receptor
Lees, J. A., Fawell, S. E., & Parker, M. G. (1989) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/17.14.5477 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid Receptor Mutants That Define a Small Region Sufficient for Enhancer Activation
Miesfeld, R. L., Godowski, P. J., Maler, B. A., & Yamamoto, K. R. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3563519 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
The chicken progesterone receptor: sequence, expression and functional analysis.
Gronemeyer, H., Turcotte, B., Quirin‐Stricker, C., Bocquel, M. T., Meyer, M.-É., Krozowski, Z. S., Jeltsch, J., Lerouge, T., Garnier, J., & Chambon, P. (1987) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02741.x · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Wikström, A., Bakke, O., Okret, S., Brönnegård, M., & Gustafsson, J.-Α. (1987) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-120-4-1232 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Binding of Heat Shock Proteins to the Avian Progesterone Receptor
Kost, S. L., Smith, D. F., Sullivan, W. P., Wj, W., & Toft, D. O. (1989) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.9.9.3829 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Husmann, D. A., Wilson, C. M., McPhaul, M. J., Tilley, W. D., & Wilson, J. D. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-126-5-2359 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Danielsen, M., Northrop, J. P., Jonklaas, J., & RINGOLD, G. M. (1987) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend-1-11-816 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Marcelli, M., Tilley, W. D., Wilson, C. M., Griffin, J. E., Wilson, J. D., & McPhaulf, M. J. (1990) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend-4-8-1105 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Mapping the HSP90 binding region of the glucocorticoid receptor.
Howard, K. J., Holley, S., Yamamoto, K. R., & Distelhorst, C. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38489-3 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Rundlett, S. E., Wu, X.-P., & Miesfeld, R. L. (1990) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend-4-5-708 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The N-terminal domain of the human androgen receptor is encoded by one, large exon
Faber, P. W., Kuiper, G. G. J. M., van Rooij, H. C. J., van der Korput, J. A. G. M., Brinkmann, A. O., & Trapman, J. (1989) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(89)90137-8 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationHormonal regulation and identification of chicken progesterone receptor phosphorylation sites.
Denner, L. A., Schrader, W. T., O’Malley, B. W., & Weigel, N. L. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46258-2 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Brown, T. R., Lubahn, D. B., Wilson, E., French, F. S., Migeon, C. J., & Corden, J. L. (1990) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend-4-12-1759 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Pratt, W. B. (1990) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(90)90198-h · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Ris‐Stalpers, C., Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Faber, P. W., Schweikert, H. U., van Rooij, H. C., Zegers, N. D., Hodgins, M. B., DEGENHART, H. J., Trapman, J., & Brinkmann, A. O. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.20.7866 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationZegers, N. D., Claassen, E., Neelen, C., Mulder, E., van Laar, J. H., Voorhorst, M. M., Berrevoets, C., Brinkmann, A. O., van der Kwast, T., de Winter, J. A. R., et al. (1991) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(91)90178-j · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationThe yeast regulatory gene PHO2 encodes a homeo box
Bürglin, T. R. (1988) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90153-5 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Haynes, S. R., Rebbert, M. L., Mozer, B. A., Forquignon, F., & Dawid, I. B. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.7.1819 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Marcelli, M., Tilley, W. D., Wilson, C. M., Wilson, J. D., Griffin, J. E., & McPhaul, M. J. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114599 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Mutational Analysis of the Chicken Progesterone Receptor
Dobson, A. D. W., Conneely, O. M., Beattie, W. G., Maxwell, B., Mak, P., Tsai, M., Schrader, W. T., & O’Malley, B. W. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84984-0 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Simons, S. S., Sistare, F. D., & Chakraborti, P. K. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)71705-5 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Pratt, W. B., Sánchez, E. R., Bresnick, E. H., Meshinchi, S., Scherrer, L. C., Dalman, F. C., & Welsh, M. J. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sai, T. J., Seino, S., Chang, C., Trifiro, M. A., Pinsky, L., Mhatre, A. N., Kaufman, M., Lambert, B., Trapman, J., & Brinkmann, A. O. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationSynthesis of Human Progesterone Receptors in T47D Cells
Sheridan, P. L., Francis, M. D., & Horwitz, K. B. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83539-6 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
van Laar, J. H., Voorhorst‐Ogink, M. M., Zegers, N. D., Boersma, W. J. A., Claassen, E., van der Korput, J. A. G. M., de Winter, J. A. R., van der Kwast, T., Mulder, E., Trapman, J., et al. (1989) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(89)90227-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationSynthesis and post-translational modification of the androgen receptor in LNCaP cells
Kuiper, G. G. J. M., de Ruiter, P. E., Grootegoed, J. A., & Brinkmann, A. O. (1991) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(91)90143-g · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscriptional activation and nuclear targeting signals of the human androgen receptor
SIMENTAL, J. (2021) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/b1ty-b484 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Simental, J. A., French, F. S., Lubahn, D. B., et al. (2020) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/k2qk-x309 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Binding of Heat Shock Proteins to the Avian Progesterone Receptor
Kost, S. L., Smith, D. F., Sullivan, W. P., et al. (1989) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.9.9.3829-3838.1989 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Extraction of nuclear androgen receptors from rat prostate with different reagents
Mulder, E., Vrij, L., & Foekens, J. A. (1981) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(81)90126-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Functional Domains and Upstream Activation Properties of Cloned Human TATA Binding Protein
Peterson, M. G., Tanese, N., Pugh, B. F., & Tjian, R. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.844-b · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer
Heinlein, C. A., & Chang, C. (2004) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2002-0032 · Cited by 1,780 · see citing works
Androgen Receptor Defects: Historical, Clinical, and Molecular Perspectives*
Quigley, C. A., Bellis, A. D., Marschke, K. B., Awady, M. K. E., Wilson, E. M., & French, F. S. (1995) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-16-3-271 · Cited by 1,436 · see citing works
Glutamine Repeats and Neurodegeneration
Zoghbi, H. Y., & Orr, H. T. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.217 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
Mutation of the Androgen-Receptor Gene in Metastatic Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer
Taplin, M., Bubley, G. J., Shuster, T. D., Frantz, M. E., Spooner, A. E., Ogata, G. K., Keer, H. N., & Balk, S. P. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199505253322101 · Cited by 1,243 · see citing works
Chamberlain, N. L., Driver, E. D., & Miesfeld, R. L. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.15.3181 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Androgen Receptor (AR) Coregulators: An Overview
Heinlein, C. A., & Chang, C. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.23.2.0460 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Guo, Z., Yang, X., Sun, F., Jiang, R., Linn, D. E., Chen, H., Chen, H., Kong, X., Melamed, J., Tepper, C. G., et al. (2009) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3795 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Formation of the Androgen Receptor Transcription Complex
Shang, Y., Myers, M., & Brown, M. A. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00471-9 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Atomic structure of progesterone complexed with its receptor
Williams, S. P., & Sigler, P. B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30775 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer development and progression
Tindall, D. J., & Lonergan, P. E. (2011) · Journal of Carcinogenesis · doi:10.4103/1477-3163.83937 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Andersen, R. J., Mawji, N. R., Wang, J., Wang, G., Haile, S., Myung, J.-K., Watt, K., Tam, T., Yang, Y. C., Bañuelos, C. A., et al. (2010) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.027 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Irvine, R. A., Yu, M. C., Ross, R. K., & Coetzee, G. A. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 480 · see citing works
The Promoter of the Prostate-Specific Antigen Gene Contains a Functional Androgen Responsive Element
Riegman, P. H. J., Vlietstra, R. J., van der Korput, J. A. G. M., Brinkmann, A. O., & Trapman, J. (1991) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend-5-12-1921 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Self-citationAntiandrogenic Effects of Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol on the Function of Androgen Receptor
LEE, H. J. (2003) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfg150 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
“…cells in the absence of androgen, the fusion protein was distributed in the cytoplasmic compartment as well as the nucleus, but in the presence of testosterone (T, 10 nM) GFP-AR protein was predominantly localized in the nucleus as previously described for the native AR (Jenster et al., 1991) (Fig.”
BackgroundThe AF1 and AF2 Domains of the Androgen Receptor Interact with Distinct Regions of SRC1
Bevan, C. L., Hoare, S., Claessens, F., Heery, D. M., & Parker, M. G. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.12.8383 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Jenster, G., van der Korput, H. A. G. M., Trapman, J., & Brinkmann, A. O. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.13.7341 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citationAndrogen receptor gene mutations in human prostate cancer.
Newmark, J., Hardy, D. O., Tonb, D. C., Carter, B. S., Epstein, J. I., Isaacs, W. B., Brown, T. R., & Barrack, E. R. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.14.6319 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Roy, A. K., Lavrovsky, Y., Song, C., Chen, S., Jung, M. H., Velu, N., Bi, B., & Chatterjee, B. (1998) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60938-3 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Androgen Signaling in Prostate CancerPreprint
Dai, C. S., Heemers, H. V., & Sharifi, N. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a030452 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
“The LBD is vital to directing this response; this is well illustrated by the fact that a deletion of the LBD renders AR completely unresponsive to androgens (Jenster et al. 1991).”
BackgroundFlutamide withdrawal syndrome: its impact on clinical trials in hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Scher, H. I., & Kelly, W. K. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1993.11.8.1566 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Androgen receptor: A key molecule in the progression of prostate cancer to hormone independence
Taplin, M., & Balk, S. P. (2003) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.10653 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
“Laboratory AR constructs containing deletions in the hormone-binding domain are constitutively active [Jenster et al., 1991], however, these types of AR deletion mutations have not been found in human prostate cancers and will not be discussed further.”
BackgroundUeda, T., Bruchovsky, N., & Sadar, M. D. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m108255200 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Ikonen, T., Palvimo, J. J., & Jänne, O. A. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.47.29821 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Mhatre, A. N., Trifiro, M. A., Kaufman, M., Kazemi‐Esfarjani, P., Figlewicz, D. A., Rouleau, G. A., & Pinsky, L. (1993) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1093-184 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Liu, C., Lou, W., Zhu, Y., Nadiminty, N., Schwartz, C. T., Evans, C. P., & Gao, A. C. (2014) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3296 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“Results AR-V7 is constitutively activated in prostate cancer cells The deletion of LBD results in constitutive activation of the AR (26, 27).”
BackgroundMolecular basis of androgen insensitivity
Brinkmann, A. O. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00466-x · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationSartorius, C. A., Melville, M. Y., Hovland, A. R., Tung, L. W., Takimoto, G. S., & Horwitz, K. B. (1994) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.8.10.7854352 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Trinucleotide Repeats: Mechanisms and Pathophysiology
Cummings, C. J., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (2000) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.1.1.281 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Nuclear-Receptor Ligands and Ligand-Binding Domains
Weatherman, R. V., Fletterick, R. J., & Scanlan, T. S. (1999) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.559 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Ueda, T., Mawji, N. R., Bruchovsky, N., & Sadar, M. D. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m203313200 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Zhou, Z. X., Sar, M., Simental, J. A., Lane, M. V., & Wilson, E. M. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36806-0 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Gaughan, L., Logan, I. R., Cook, S., Neal, D. E., & Robson, C. N. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m203423200 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
An androgen receptor N-terminal domain antagonist for treating prostate cancer
Myung, J., Banuelos, C. A., Fernandez, J. G., Mawji, N. R., Wang, J., Tien, A. H., Yang, Y. C., Tavakoli, I., Haile, S., Watt, K., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci66398 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“Functional NTD is necessary for AR transcriptional activity (23–25).”
Mechanisms of androgen receptor activation and function
Brinkmann, A. O., Blok, L. J., de Ruiter, P. E., Doesburg, P., Steketee, K., Berrevoets, C., & Trapman, J. (1999) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(99)00049-7 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental antiandrogens: developmental effects, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications
KELCE, W. R., & Wilson, E. M. (1997) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001090050104 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Alternative splicing in cancer: implications for biology and therapy
Chen, J., & Weiss, W. A. (2014) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2013.570 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Genotype<i>Versus</i>Phenotype in Families with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Boehmer, A. L. M., Brüggenwirth, H., van Assendelft, C., Otten, B. J., Verleun-Mooijman, M. C. T., Niermeijer, M. F., Brunner, H. G., Rouwé, C. W., Waelkens, J. J., Oostdijk, W., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7825 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
“The nature of the AR gene mutations in these families predicted they would lead to truncated, nonfunctional AR proteins (36).”
Molecular cell biology of androgen receptor signalling
Bennett, N. C., Gardiner, R. A., Hooper, J. D., Johnson, D. W., & Gobe, G. C. (2010) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.013 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Tyagi, R. K., Lavrovsky, Y., Ahn, S., Song, C. S., Chatterjee, B., & Roy, A. K. (2000) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.14.8.0497 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Nuclear Receptors and Their Selective Pharmacologic Modulators
Burris, T. P., Solt, L. A., Wang, Y., Crumbley, C., Banerjee, S., Griffett, K., Lundåsen, T., Hughes, T., & Kojetin, D. J. (2013) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.112.006833 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“The identical portions of PR include the part of the Nterminal region that includes the AF-1, DBD, the hinge region, and the LBD composed of the LBP, the AF-2, the coactivator/corepressor interaction surface, and the dimerization motif.”
BackgroundInfluentialAndrogen receptor signaling in prostate cancer
Culig, Z., & Santer, F. R. (2014) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-013-9474-0 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“Unlike other anti-androgens, it binds to the aminoterminal AF1 domain of AR, a region that is the major contributor of AR transcriptional activity [158].”
BackgroundPereira de Jésus‐Tran, K., Côté, P., Cantin, L., Blanchet, J., Labrie, F., & Breton, R. (2006) · Protein Science · doi:10.1110/ps.051905906 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“Like the other NRs, it is constituted by three main functional domains: a variable N-terminal domain (NTD), a highly conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), and a conserved ligand-binding domain (LBD) (Jenster et al. 1991).”
BackgroundNuclear import of the human androgen receptor
Jenster, G. W., Trapman, J., & Brinkmann, A. O. (1993) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2930761 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationThe androgen receptor gene mutations database
Gottlieb, B. (1996) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/24.1.151 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Sadar, M. D. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.12.7777 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Alen, P., Claessens, F., Verhoeven, G., Rombauts, W., & Peeters, B. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.9.6085 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
“A striking difference between these receptors and the AR is that for the latter an intrinsic AF2 activity in the LBD has remained elusive (25, 40, 53), despite the relatively high degree of sequence similarity of its LBD with that of other steroid receptors (67, 69).”
BackgroundInhibition of p160-mediated coactivation with increasing androgen receptor polyglutamine length
Irvine, R. A. (2000) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/9.2.267 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“The NTD contains a ligand-independent, constitutive activation function (generally referred to as AF-1) that is repressed by the apo- or unliganded LBD in the wild-type (wt) AR ( 23 ).”
BackgroundAndrogen receptor as a target in androgen-independent prostate cancer
Balk, S. P. (2002) · Urology · doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(02)01593-5 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Tepper, C. G., Boucher, D. L., Ryan, P. E., Ma, A., Xia, L. P., Lee, L., Pretlow, T. G., & Kung, H.-J. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Multiple Signal Input and Output Domains of the 160-Kilodalton Nuclear Receptor Coactivator Proteins
Ma, H., Hong, H., Huang, S.-M., Irvine, R. A., Webb, P., Kushner, P. J., Coetzee, G. A., & Stallcup, M. R. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.9.6164 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“tion (20, 29) but differ dramatically in length and sequence.”
BackgroundDevelopment of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs)
Narayanan, R., Coss, C. C., & Dalton, J. T. (2018) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.013 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“4 leads to a significant loss in AR’s transcriptional c pacity (29,31-33).”
Androgen receptors in prostate cancer.
Čulig, Z., Klocker, H., Bartsch, G., & Hobisch, A. (2002) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc.0.0090155 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“Gross deletions in the ligand-binding domain of the AR generate receptors which are constitutively active (Jenster et al. 1991).”
BackgroundAndrogen receptor gene mutations in human prostate cancer
Suzuki, H., Sato, N., Watabe, Y., Masai, M., Seino, S., & Shimazaki, J. (1993) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(93)90316-o · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Breast and Prostate Cancer: An Analysis of Common Epidemiological, Genetic, and Biochemical Features
López-Otı́n, C., & Diamandis, E. P. (1998) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.19.4.0337 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Nuclear localization signals overlap DNA- or RNA-binding domains in nucleic acid-binding proteins
LaCasse, E. C., & Lefebvre, Y. A. (1995) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/23.10.1647 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Berrevoets, C., Doesburg, P., Steketee, K., Trapman, J., & Brinkmann, A. O. (1998) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.12.8.0153 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“N7 were obtained by modification of AR D 51–211 and AR D 244–360 (30), AR124, AR127, and AR106 (8) respectively : plasmids were digested with KpnI and EcoRI and religated by a KpnI-EcoRI linker.”
MethodSelf-citationMoilanen, A., Poukka, H., Karvonen, U., Häkli, M., Jänne, O. A., & Palvimo, J. J. (1998) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.18.9.5128 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“5C), whereas only negligible amounts of SNURF were bound to matrices containing either the HLBD or the AF-1 region of AR.”
BackgroundInfluentialLallous, N., Volik, S. V., Awrey, S. J., Leblanc, E., Tse, R., Murillo, J., Singh, K., Azad, A., Wyatt, A. W., LeBihan, S., et al. (2016) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0864-1 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“1) [46].”
Hu, R., Isaacs, W. B., & Luo, J. (2011) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.21382 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“Previous studies of various AR deletion constructs suggested that the presence of partially truncated AR LBD sequences inhibited AR activity [19,20].”
BackgroundSplinkerettes—improved vectorettes for greater efficiency in PCR walking
Devon, R. S., Porteous, D. J., & Brookes, A. J. (1995) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/23.9.1644 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Minireview: Sex Differentiation
Hughes, I. A. (2001) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.142.8.8406 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Georget, V., Lobaccaro, J. A., Térouanne, B., Mangeat, P. H., Nicolas, J., & Sultan, C. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(97)04034-3 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Ferraldeschi, R., Welti, J. C., Luo, J., Attard, G., & Bono, J. S. D. (2014) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2014.115 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
SMAD3 represses androgen receptor-mediated transcription.
Hayes, S. A., Zarnegar, M. A., Sharma, M., Yang, F., Peehl, D. M., ten Dijke, P., & Sun, Z. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome as a Possible Coactivator Disease
Adachi, M., Takayanagi, R., Tomura, A., Imasaki, K., Kato, S., Goto, K., Yanase, T., Ikuyama, S., & Nawata, H. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200009213431205 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Androgen receptor (AR) aberrations in castration-resistant prostate cancer
Waltering, K. K., Urbanucci, A., & Visakorpi, T. (2012) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.12.019 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“active AR that increases androgen-regulated gene transcription in a ligand-independent manner (Jenster et al., 1991).”
BackgroundExpression and Degradation of Androgen Receptor: Mechanism and Clinical Implication
Lee, D., & Chang, C. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030261 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
McEwan, I., & Gustafsson, J.-Å. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8485 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Mulholland, D. J., Cheng, H., Reid, K. J., Rennie, P. S., & Nelson, C. C. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m200135200 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Targeting androgen receptor phase separation to overcome antiandrogen resistance
Xie, J., He, H., Kong, W., Li, Z., Gao, Z., Xie, D., Sun, L., Fan, X., Jiang, X., Zheng, Q., et al. (2022) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-022-01151-y · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Targeting the Androgen Signaling Axis in Prostate Cancer
Dai, C. S., Dehm, S. M., & Sharifi, N. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.23.00433 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Transcriptional activation and transient expression of the human androgen receptor
Gao, T., Marcelli, M., & McPhaul, M. J. (1996) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(96)00097-0 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Localization of functional domains in the androgen receptor
MacLean, H. E., Warne, G. L., & Zajac, J. D. (1997) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00049-6 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Androgen insensitivity syndrome: clinical features and molecular defects
Galani, A., Kitsiou‐Tzeli, S., Sofokleous, C., Kanavakis, E., & Kalpini-Mavrou, A. (2008) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1201 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Truncated androgen receptors have been shown in vitro not to cause transactivation and/or ligand binding.(79) Mutations that affect splicing are found in CAIS as well as in PAIS patients.”
BackgroundLi, P., Lee, H., Guo, S., Unterman, T. G., Jenster, G. W., & Bai, W. (2002) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.1.104-118.2003 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Similar to other steroid receptors, the androgen receptor, both structurally and functionally, is modular in nature and composed of an N-terminal A/B region (NT) containing the major activation function (AF-1), a DNA binding domain containing two zinc fingers, a short hinge region, and a C-terminal ligand binding doma…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationStructural Insights of Transcriptionally Active, Full-Length Androgen Receptor Coactivator Complexes
Yu, X., Yi, P., Hamilton, R. A., Shen, H., Chen, M., Foulds, C. E., Mancini, M. A., Ludtke, S. J., Wang, Z., & O’Malley, B. W. (2020) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.031 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Selective androgen receptor modulators in preclinical and clinical development
Narayanan, R., Mohler, M. L., Bohl, C. E., Miller, D. D., & Dalton, J. T. (2008) · Nuclear Receptor Signaling · doi:10.1621/nrs.06010 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Unlike other receptors, the NTD of AR is the major transactivation domain and deletion of AF-1 leads to a significant loss of AR function [Alen et al., 1999; Bevan et al., 1999; Gao et al., 1996; Jenster et al., 1991; Simental et al., 1991].”
Androgen Receptor Specifically Interacts with a Novel p21-activated Kinase, PAK6
Yang, F., Li, X., Sharma, M., Zarnegar, M. A., Lim, B., & Sun, Z. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m010311200 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
McEwan, I. J. (2004) · Endocrine-related cancer · doi:10.1677/erc.0.0110281 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“The AR–TAD has a modular structure, as revealed by deletion and point mutations and the use of NTD-fusion proteins (Jenster et al. 1991, 1995, Simental et al. 1991, Chamberlain et al. 1996).”
Kristjánsson, K., Rut, A. R., Hewison, M., O'Riordan, J. L. H., & Hughes, M. R. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci116539 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Alterations of androgen receptor in prostate cancer
Linja, M. J., & Visakorpi, T. (2004) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.10.012 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Ruff, M., Gangloff, M., Wurtz, J., & Moras, D. (2000) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/bcr80 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Ligand-dependent inhibition of β-catenin/TCF signaling by androgen receptor
Chesire, D. R., & Isaacs, W. B. (2002) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206049 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“That unliganded AR can be found in both the cytosol and nucleus (Husmann et al., 1990; Jenster et al., 1991) implies AR target gene expression is not solely dependent on nuclear localization, but also hitherto uncharacterized nuclear events.”
BackgroundMolecular Mechanisms of Androgen Action
Lindzey, J. K., Kumar, M. V., Grossman, M., Young, C. Y. F., & Tindall, D. J. (1994) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61151-6 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the “Achilles' Heel” of Androgen Receptor Activity
Sadar, M. D. (2011) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can_10-3398 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Willson, T. M., Henke, B. R., Momtahen, T. M., Charifson, P. S., Batchelor, K. W., Lubahn, D. B., Moore, L. B., Oliver, B. B., Sauls, H. R., Triantafillou, J. A., et al. (1994) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm00037a002 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Conformational Analysis of the Androgen Receptor Amino-terminal Domain Involved in Transactivation
Reid, J., Kelly, S. M., Watt, K., Price, N. C., & McEwan, I. J. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m201003200 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Cyclin D1: Mechanism and Consequence of Androgen Receptor Co-repressor Activity
Petre, C. E., Wetherill, Y. B., Danielsen, M., & Knudsen, K. E. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m106399200 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Trinucleotide repeats in the human androgen receptor: a molecular basis for disease
Choong, C. S., & Em, W. (1998) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0210235 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Repressors of Androgen and Progesterone Receptor Action
Agoulnik, I. U., Krause, W. C., Bingman, W. E., Rahman, H., Amrikachi, M., Ayala, G. E., & Weigel, N. L. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m305153200 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Veldscholte, J., Berrevoets, C. A., Zegers, N. D., Van der Kwast, T. H., Grootegoed, J. A., & Mulder, E. (1992) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00147a029 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Decoding the androgen receptor splice variants.
Lu, C., & Luo, J. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2013.09.08 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“Such variants have the potential to mediate constitutively active AR function, on the basis of earlier in vitro studies on AR deletion constructs generated in the laboratory (22).”
BackgroundAndrogen Receptor Interacts with a Novel MYST Protein, HBO1
Sharma, M., Zarnegar, M. A., Li, X., Lim, B., & Sun, Z. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m004838200 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Androgen Receptor Mutations in Prostate Cancer
Gelmann, E. P. (1996) · Cancer treatment and research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1267-3_12 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Hey1, a Mediator of Notch Signaling, Is an Androgen Receptor Corepressor
Belandia, B., Powell, S. M., Garcia-Pedrero, J. M., Walker, M. M., Bevan, C. L., & Parker, M. G. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.25.4.1425-1436.2005 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“COS-1 cells were cotransfected with 20 ng of TAT-GRE-E1B-LUC, expression vectors for AR(1-653) (5 ng) and SRC1e (10 ng), and increasing amounts of the Hey1 expression vector (5, 10, or 20 ng).”
MethodDalal, K., Roshan‐Moniri, M., Sharma, A., Li, H., Ban, F., Hessein, M., Hsing, M., Singh, K., Leblanc, E., Dehm, S. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m114.553818 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“The AR structural organization includes an N-terminal domain (NTD), followed by the DBD and LBD domains (6).”
BackgroundPosttranslational Modification of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer
der Steen, T. V., Tindall, D. J., & Huang, H. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms140714833 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“majority of AR activity [52–54].”
Evidence for Calpain-Mediated Androgen Receptor Cleavage as a Mechanism for Androgen Independence
Libertini, S. J., Tepper, C. G., Rodriguez, V., Asmuth, D. M., Kung, H.-J., & Mudryj, M. M. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1072 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Previous reports show that deletion of the LBD generates an androgen-independent transcriptional activator (7).”
Androgen Receptor Antagonists in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Rathkopf, D. E., & Scher, H. I. (2013) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0b013e318282635a · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“Because first- and second-generation antiandrogens bind to the C-terminal LBD, newer methods of targeting the AR include targeting the regulatory N-terminal domain, which is essential for transcription in the presence or absence of ligand.(57) EPI-001 is a novel, small molecule peptide that binds to the N-terminus and…”
BackgroundKuil, C. W., Berrevoets, C., & Mulder, E. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.46.27569 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jenster, G., van der Korput, H. A. G. M., van Vroonhoven, C., van der Kwast, T. H., Trapman, J., & Brinkmann, A. O.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- ORCID
- Jenster, Guido
- Venue
- Molecular Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1991-10
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1396-1404
- ISSN
- 0888-8809 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9917
- OpenAlex
- W2002791165
- Cited by
- 523
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 25.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- androgen receptor, steroid-binding domain, transcriptional activation, subcellular localization, nuclear localization signal, nuclear targeting, hormone binding, constitutively active receptor, deletion mutants, DNA-binding domain, hinge region, post-translational modification
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Binding Sites, Cell Line, Chromosome Deletion, DNA-Binding Proteins, Genetic Vectors, HeLa Cells, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Plasmids, Receptors, Androgen, Recombinant Proteins, Transcription, Genetic, Transfection, Restriction Mapping, Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase, Metribolone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
