The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Rates of hippocampal atrophy correlate with change in clinical status in aging and AD
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The cognitive continuum in the elderly population can be conceptually divided into those who are functioning normally (control subjects), those with a mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and those with probable AD. OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that the annualized rates of hippocampal atrophy differ as a function of both baseline and change in clinical group membership (control, MCI, or AD). METHODS: The authors identified 129 subjects from the Mayo Clinic AD Research Center/AD Patient Registry who met established criteria for normal control subjects, MCI, or probable AD, both at entry and at the time of a subsequent clinical follow-up evaluation 3 +/- 1 years later. Each subject underwent an MRI examination of the head at the time of the initial assessment and at follow-up clinical assessment; the annualized percentage change in hippocampal volume was computed. Subjects who were classified as controls or patients with MCI at baseline could either remain cognitively stable or could decline to a lower functioning group over the period of observation. RESULTS: The annualized rates of hippocampal volume loss for each of the three initial clinical groups decreased progressively in the following order: AD > MC > control. Within the control and MCI groups, those who declined had a significantly greater rate of volume loss than those who remained clinically stable. The mean annualized rates of hippocampal atrophy by follow-up clinical group were: control-stable 1.73%, control-decliner 2.81%, MCI-stable 2.55%, MCI-decliner 3.69%, AD 3. 5%. CONCLUSION: Rates of hippocampal atrophy match both baseline cognitive status and the change in cognitive status over time in elderly persons who lie along the cognitive continuum from normal to MCI to AD.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 129 Mayo ADPR/ADRC subjects with baseline and 3 ± 1 year follow-up, annualized hippocampal atrophy rates increased across control, MCI, and AD groups and were greater in clinical decliners than in stable subjects within the control and MCI groups. The results support the hypothesis that rates of hippocampal atrophy match both baseline cognitive status and change in cognitive status over time.
Key findings
- Annualized hippocampal volume loss by initial clinical group was control −1.9 ± 1.1%, MCI −3.0 ± 1.6%, and AD −3.5 ± 1.8%; control vs MCI and control vs AD differences were significant at p < 0.001.
- By follow-up clinical group, mean annualized rates were control-stable −1.7 ± 0.9%, control-decliner −2.8 ± 1.7%, MCI-stable −2.5 ± 1.5%, MCI-decliner −3.7 ± 1.5%, and AD −3.5 ± 1.8%; control-stable vs control-decliner p = 0.03 and MCI-stable vs MCI-decliner p = 0.03.
- Baseline hippocampal volume decreased progressively from control to MCI to AD, with all three baseline group differences significant at p < 0.000; median normal percentiles were 41 for control, 11 for MCI, and 2 for AD.
- Over follow-up, 10 of 58 controls (17%) declined to MCI or probable AD, and 18 of 43 MCI subjects (42%) declined to AD.
Methods
- The study identified 129 subjects from the Mayo Clinic AD Research Center/AD Patient Registry who met criteria for normal control, MCI, or probable AD at entry and at a follow-up clinical evaluation 3 ± 1 years later; subjects with symptoms felt unrelated to AD, such as stroke or depression, were excluded.
- Each subject underwent MRI at baseline and follow-up; hippocampal volumes were manually traced, and annualized percentage change was computed as scan 2 volume minus scan 1 volume, divided by scan 1 volume, divided by years between scans, × 100.
- Baseline hippocampal volumes were normalized for head size, age, and sex using W scores from a normal elderly control database; comparisons used two-way ANOVA on ranked data by baseline clinical group and stable/decliner status, followed by rank sum tests.
Limitations
- The paper states that dichotomizing control and MCI subjects into stable vs decliner is crude because cognitive change is continuous, that the rates are a linear fit to only two time points and may not be linear, and that requiring two artifact-free MRI studies 2–4 years apart may exclude rapidly progressive dementia patients and therefore underestimate atrophy in decliner groups.
- The paper notes that the number of control decliners was small (n = 10), that diagnostic utility in predicting future AD will likely be limited by inter-group overlap, and that whether atrophy rate adds predictive power beyond baseline hippocampal volume was not formally addressed.
- Evident from the text: this is an observational, single-center clinical cohort study using clinical diagnostic classifications without pathologic confirmation, and the authors acknowledge that control-decliner is a “misnomer” because such individuals were likely presymptomatic AD at baseline.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
38 Own result · 16 Not checked yet · 14 Own interpretation · 12 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The annualized rates of hippocampal volume loss for each of the three initial clinical groups decreased progressively in the following order: AD > MC > C.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the control and MCI groups, those who declined had a significantly greater rate of volume loss than those who remained clinically stable.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the course of the observation period 10 (17%) of the initial cohort of 58 controls declined to either the MCI or probable AD categories.”
plainn = 58- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The differences between the control and MCI groups, and between control and AD groups were significant at p <0.001.”
plainn = 43 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The differences among all three baseline groups were significant at p <0.000.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The annualized rates of hippocampal volume loss for each of the three initial clinical groups decreased progressively in the following order: AD > MCI > C (Table 2).”
plaincorrelationaln = 129- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The p-values obtained by pair-wise between group comparisons in Table 3 which were significant or nearly so (p<0.10) were: control-stable vs control-decliner, p=0.03; control-stable vs MCI-stable, p=0.02; control-stable vs MCI-decliner, p<0.000; control-stable vs AD, p<0.000; MCI-stable vs MCI-decliner, p=0.03; MCI-stable vs AD, p=0.06.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The MMSE and DRS scores at baseline declined in the following order: control-stable > control-decliner > MCI-stable > MCI-decliner > AD(18).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini Mental State": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1975;12:189–198. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The baseline hippocampal volume in each of the three initial clinical groups decreased progressively in the following order: control > MCI > AD (Table 4).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The p-values obtained by pair-wise between group comparisons in Table 3 which were significant or nearly so (p<0.10) were: control-stable vs control-decliner, p=0.03; control-stable vs MCI-stable, p=0.02; control-stable vs MCI-decliner, p<0.000; control-stable vs AD, p<0.000; MCI-stable vs MCI-decliner, p=0.03; MCI-stable vs AD, p=0.06.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean annualized rates of hippocampal atrophy by followup clinical group were: control-stable 1.73%, control-decliner 2.81%, MCI-stable 2.55%, MCI-decliner 3.69 %, AD 3.5%.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A positive volume change over time of +0.1% was measured in one of the stable AD patients.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This rate was also within the range described in another study (27) using MRI volumetrics, but less than described by a different group (28) who measured the change in thickness of the medial temporal lobe on CT.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Fox NC, Warrington EK, Freeborough PA, et al. Presymptomatic hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal MRI study. Brain. 1996;119:2001–2007. doi: 10.1093/brain/119.6.2001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Jobst KA, Smith AD, Szatmari M, et al. Rapidly progressing atrophy of medial temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 1994;343:829–830. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92028-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the course of longitudinal clinical observation 17 members of the AD group declined to a lower functioning level as defined by an increase in CDR score, and the remaining 11 retained their baseline CDR score.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is close to the rate of 3.5%/yr observed in the current study.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A positive change over time, an increase in volume of 0.1%, was measured in one of the patients.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rates of hippocampal atrophy match both baseline cognitive status and the change in cognitive status over time in elderly persons who lie along the cognitive continuum from normal to MCI to AD.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The transition from normal cognition to Alzheimer's disease is gradual.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients who develop clinically evident Alzheimer's disease pass through a transitional period during which they experience declining cognitive abilities relative to age mates.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This intermediate state has been termed mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and clinical criteria for this diagnosis have been suggested(1–3).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:303–308. doi: 10.1001/archneur.56.3.303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Smith GE, Petersen RC, Parisi JE, et al. Definition, Course, and Outcome of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. 1996;3:141–147. [Google Scholar] source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Flicker C, Ferris SH, Reisberg B. Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: predictors of dementia. Neurology. 1991;41:1006–1009. doi: 10.1212/wnl.41.7.1006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By restricting the analysis in this study to those individuals with 3± 1 years of followup duration, we were able to minimize the statistical difficulties that otherwise would have been associated with comparing patients with different followup intervals.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the rate of hippocampal volume change was calculated over the same period of observation covered by the two clinical assessment points, which temporally coupled change or absence of change in cognitive status with change in hippocampal volume.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The date of each MRI scan was also masked in the digital image file so that the hippocampal measurements were done without knowledge of the chronologic ordering of the scans in each pair.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When this method of assigning W scores is applied to the normal elderly control database, the resulting W scores precisely follow a standard normal distribution.”
plainn = 126- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All image processing steps in every patient were performed by the same research associate who was blinded to all clinical information (age, gender, and clinical status).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We have previously described the rates of hippocampal atrophy in patients with a diagnosis of probable AD and a group of age and sex matched elderly controls (14 controls and 10 AD patients from that prior study are included in the current work)(6).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Jack CR, Jr, Petersen RC, Xu Y, et al. The rate of medial temporal lobe atrophy in typical aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1998;51:993–999. doi: 10.1212/wnl.51.4.993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hippocampal volume data derived from the MRI examination and APOE genotypes were not known to the ADPR/ADRC consensus committee throughout the study.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The diagnosis of probable AD was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, III Edition–Revised (DSM-III-R) Criteria for dementia, and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association Criteria (NINCDS/ADRDA) for AD(8, 9).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Revised Third Edition. Washington, D C: 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Not checked yetcites [9] McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1984;34:939–944. doi: 10.1212/wnl.34.7.939. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximum interval between MRI and clinical assessments was ± 2 months in 125 subjects, ± 4 months in 3 subjects, and ± 6 months in a single subject.”
plainn = 125- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This observation supports the idea that some proportion of MCIs who on clinical grounds appear cognitively stable over a 3± 1 year period are actually undergoing anatomic changes that differ significantly from stable controls, and therefore are progressing toward AD.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also acknowledge that dichotomization of the control and MCI groups into those who remained stable vs decliners is a crude way to define change in cognition because the change in cognition over time occurs as a continuous rather than a step-wise function.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Change in cognition over time occurs as a continuous rather than a step-wise function.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the rates of hippocampal atrophy we report were by default a linear fit to two time points, we do not mean to imply that the rates of change in vivo are necessarily linear.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certainly individuals who began the study as controls but declined to MCI or AD were actually in a presymptomatic phase of AD at baseline.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AD pathology then progressed between baseline and followup to such an extent that cognitive impairment became clinically apparent.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The annualized rate of hippocampal volume loss in probable AD patients in a prior longitudinal study of ours was 3.98% (6).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Jack CR, Jr, Petersen RC, Xu Y, et al. The rate of medial temporal lobe atrophy in typical aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1998;51:993–999. doi: 10.1212/wnl.51.4.993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of controls who converted was fairly small (n=10).”
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a therapeutic agent slows or arrests the anatomic progression of AD pathology, this should be detectable as a decrease in the rate of atrophy in a treated vs a placebo group.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the fact that the rates of hippocampal atrophy were significantly different between stable controls vs control decliners and between stable MCI vs MCI decliners, shows promise that the rate of hippocampal atrophy may add additional predictive power to baseline hippocampal volume in assessing the risk of converting to AD for individual patients.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data also indicate that the distinction between stable vs a declining members of a group should be detectable both in early symptomatic patient groups (i.e., MCI) and in presymptomatic subjects (i.e., controls).”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other groups have also shown that assessments of hippocampal atrophy can provide predictive information in patients who are at elevated risk for AD(27, 30).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Fox NC, Warrington EK, Freeborough PA, et al. Presymptomatic hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal MRI study. Brain. 1996;119:2001–2007. doi: 10.1093/brain/119.6.2001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
- Not checked yetcites [30] de Leon MJ, Golomb J, George AE, et al. The radiologic prediction of Alzheimer disease: the atrophic hippocampal formation. AJNR. 1993;14:897–906. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Serial measurements of hippocampal volume may therefore be a useful adjunctive tool to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic trials in groups of patients.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We attribute this to measurement error.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The measured change in hippocampal volume in every elderly individual should be ≤0.
The paper relies on this without support.
The transition from normal cognition to Alzheimer's disease is gradual.
“The transition from normal cognition to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is gradual.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients who develop clinically evident Alzheimer's disease pass through a transitional period during which they experience declining cognitive abilities relative to age mates.
“Patients who develop clinically evident AD pass through a transitional period during which they experience declining cognitive abilities relative to age mates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No single test is accepted for defining discrete ranges within the cognitive continuum.
“As no single test is accepted for defining discrete ranges within the cognitive continuum, we chose to use the designations of control, MCI, and AD which are ultimately clinical judgments that are derived from a number of different factors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Change in cognition over time occurs as a continuous rather than a step-wise function.
“We also acknowledge that dichotomization of the control and MCI groups into those who remained stable vs decliners is a crude way to define change in cognition because the change in cognition over time occurs as a continuous rather than a step-wise function.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The largest volume loss over time should occur in patients who were the most rapid clinical decliners.
“The reported rates of atrophy in the decliner groups may therefore be underestimated, because the largest volume loss over time should occur in patients who were the most rapid clinical decliners.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The pathologic progression leading to AD may extend over decades.
“In any individual patient the pathologic progression leading to AD may extend over decades.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The measured change in hippocampal volume in every elderly individual should be ≤0.
“Theoretically the measured change in hippocampal volume in every elderly individual should be ≤ 0, indicating either no change or volume loss over time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
To our knowledge this is the first study which describes the rates of hippocampal atrophy in MCI patients.
“To our knowledge this is the first study which describes the rates of hippocampal atrophy in MCI patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Prior studies on rates of hippocampal atrophy have not distinguished stable controls from control decliners.
“Prior studies on rates of hippocampal atrophy have not distinguished stable controls from control decliners.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“MCI reflects a preclinical stage of AD and other types of dementia in 50 to 60% of the MCI subjects”
From Early dementia diagnosis, MCI-to-dementia risk prediction, and the role of machine learning methods for feature extraction from integrated biomarkers, in particular for EEG signal analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Among structural imaging studies examining the conversion of MCI to AD, there are one longitudinal (40) and several prediction studies (one scan predicting clinical outcome).”
From Prediction of cognitive decline in normal elderly subjects with 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose/positron-emission tomography (FDG/PET) (2001) · cites this paper as [40]
Citations
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
Hirono, N., Mori, E., Ikejiri, Y., Imamura, T., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Yamashita, H., & Ikeda, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21,012
Kok, J. S., Berg, I. J., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000353441 · Cited by 20,589
Older Adults' Reasons for Using Technology while Aging in Place
Peek, S. T. M., Luijkx, K. G., Rijnaard, M. D., Nieboer, M. E., van der Voort, C. S., Aarts, S., van Hoof, J., Vrijhoef, H. J., & Wouters, E. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000430949 · Cited by 19,852
Sensitivity and False Alarm Rate of a Fall Sensor in Long-Term Fall Detection in the Elderly
Kangas, M., Korpelainen, R., Vikman, I., Nyberg, L., & Jämsä, T. J. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000362720 · Cited by 19,007
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123
The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules
Morris, J. C. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.11.2412-a · Cited by 9,882
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Clinical Characterization and Outcome
Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.3.303 · Cited by 8,980
Self-citationPrediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment
Jack, C. R., Petersen, R. C., Xu, Y. C., O’Brien, P. C., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., Boeve, B. F., Waring, S. C., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.52.7.1397 · Cited by 1,404
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 924
Religious Factors and Hippocampal Atrophy in Late Life
Owen, A. D., Hayward, R. D., Koenig, H. G., Steffens, D. C., & Payne, M. E. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017006 · Cited by 55
Peripheral Inflammation and Cognitive Aging
Lim, A., Krajina, K., & Marsland, A. L. (2013) · Modern trends in psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000346362 · Cited by 57
Daulatzai, M. A. (2013) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-013-9407-2 · Cited by 56
Lazarczyk, M. J., Hof, P. R., Bouras, C., & Giannakopoulos, P. (2012) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-127 · Cited by 55
Stoeckel, L. E., Stewart, C. C., Griffith, H. R., Triebel, K. L., Okonkwo, O. C., den Hollander, J. A., Martin, R. C., Belue, K., Copeland, J. N., Harrell, L. E., et al. (2013) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-013-9226-3 · Cited by 55
Supporting evidence for using biomarkers in the diagnosis of MCI due to AD
Galluzzi, S., Geroldi, C., Amicucci, G., Bocchio‐Chiavetto, L., Bonetti, M., Bonvicini, C., Cotelli, M., Ghidoni, R., Paghera, B., Zanetti, O. O., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6694-0 · Cited by 55
Effects of ApoE4 and maternal history of dementia on hippocampal atrophy
Andrawis, J. P., Hwang, K. S., Green, A. E., Kotlerman, J., Elashoff, D., Morra, J. H., Cummings, J. L., Toga, A. W., Thompson, P. M., & Apostolova, L. G. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.020 · Cited by 54
Hippocampal volume and navigational ability: The map(ping) is not to scale
Weisberg, S. M., & Ekstrom, A. D. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.012 · Cited by 57
Linking Hippocampal Structure and Function to Memory Performance in an Aging Population
Reitz, C., Brickman, A. M., Brown, T. R., Manly, J. J., DeCarli, C. S., Small, S. A., & Mayeux, R. P. (2009) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.214 · Cited by 55
Positron Emission Tomography Scans Obtained for the Evaluation of Cognitive Dysfunction
Silverman, D. H. S., Mosconi, L., Ercoli, L. M., Chen, W., & Small, G. W. (2008) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.02.006 · Cited by 55
Challenges of Diagnosing Dementia in the Oldest Old Population
Slavin, M. J., Brodaty, H., & Sachdev, P. S. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt051 · Cited by 55
Hvid, L. G., Harwood, D. S. L., Eskildsen, S. F., & Dalgas, U. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01453-6 · Cited by 58
Vuoksimaa, E., Panizzon, M. S., Chen, C., Eyler, L. T., Fennema‐Notestine, C., Fiecas, M. J. A., Fischl, B. R., Franz, C. E., Grant, M. D., Jak, A. J., et al. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.022 · Cited by 60
Sex Differences in Cognition Across Aging
Lee, B. H., Richard, J. E., de leon, R. G., Yagi, S., & Galea, L. A. M. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_309 · Cited by 59
Moustafa, A. A., Kéri, S., Herzallah, M. M., Myers, C. E., & Gluck, M. A. (2010) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.07.013 · Cited by 51
Parker, T. D., Slattery, C. F., Yong, K. X. X., Nicholas, J. M., Paterson, R. W., Foulkes, A., Malone, I. B., Thomas, D. L., Cash, D. M., Crutch, S. J., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.101632 · Cited by 51
Memory Performance Correlates of Hippocampal Subfield Volume in Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtype
Broadhouse, K. M., Mowszowski, L., Duffy, S. L., Leung, I. H. K., Cross, N. E., Valenzuela, M., & Naismith, S. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00259 · Cited by 53
Whole brain atrophy rate predicts progression from MCI to Alzheimer’s disease
Spulber, G., Niskanen, E. I., MacDonald, S. W. S., Smilovici, O., Chen, K., Reiman, E. M., Jauhiainen, A. M., Hallikainen, M., Tervo, S., Wahlund, L., et al. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.08.018 · Cited by 51
Pathology and Pathways of Alzheimer's Disease with an Update on New Developments in Treatment
DeKosky, S. T. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.5157.x · Cited by 51
Macdonald, K. E., Bartlett, J. W., Leung, K. K., Sebastien Ourselin, A., & Barnes, J. (2012) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e318260a79a · Cited by 51
The development of effective biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: a review
Henry, M. S., Passmore, A. P., Todd, S., McGuinness, B., Craig, D., & Johnston, J. A. (2012) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3829 · Cited by 51
Is there a neuropathology difference between mild cognitive impairment and dementia?
Haroutunian, V. H., Hoffman, L. B., & Been, M. S. (2009) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2009.11.2/vharoutunian · Cited by 52
MRI-based volumetric measurement of the substantia innominata in amnestic MCI and mild AD
George, S., Mufson, E. J., Leurgans, S. E., Shah, R. C., Ferrari, C., & deToledo‐Morrell, L. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.11.006 · Cited by 49
Evidence of neurodegeneration in brains of older adults who do not yet fulfill MCI criteria
Chao, L. L., Mueller, S. G., Buckley, S. T., Peek, K. N., Raptentsetseng, S., Elman, J. L., Yaffe, K. S., Miller, B. L., Kramer, J. H., Madison, C. A., et al. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.004 · Cited by 49
Acceleration of hippocampal atrophy in a non-demented elderly population: the SNAC-K study
Zhang, Y., Qiu, C., Lindberg, O. E., Bronge, L. H., Aspelin, P., Bäckman, L., Fratiglioni, L., & Wahlund, L. (2009) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610209991396 · Cited by 48
Adachi, M., Kawanami, T., Ohshima, F., & Kato, T. (2006) · Radiation Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11604-006-0074-6 · Cited by 48
Relationship of fMRI activation to clinical trial memory measures in Alzheimer disease
Diamond, E. L., Miller, S. L., Dickerson, B. C., Atri, A., DePeau, K. M., Fenstermacher, E., Pihlajamaki, M. M., Celone, K., Salisbury, S. L., Gregas, M., et al. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000277292.37292.69 · Cited by 48
Subtyping of mild cognitive impairment using a deep learning model based on brain atrophy patterns
Kwak, K., Giovanello, K. S., Bozoki, A., Styner, M., & Dayan, E. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100467 · Cited by 47
Cellular senescence as a driver of cognitive decline triggered by chronic unpredictable stress
Lin, Y.-F., Wang, L.-Y., Chen, C.-S., Li, C.-C., & Hsiao, Y.-H. (2021) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100341 · Cited by 47
The human hippocampus and its subfield volumes across age, sex and APOE e4 status
Veldsman, M., Nobis, L., Alfaro‐Almagro, F., Smith, S. M., Manohar, S., & Husain, M. (2020) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa219 · Cited by 51
Accelerated hippocampal atrophy rates in stable and progressive amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Wang, P., Liu, H.-C., Lirng, J.-F., Lin, K.-N., & Wu, Z. (2009) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.05.002 · Cited by 47
Magnetic resonance and PET studies in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Mosconi, L., De Santi, S., Rusinek, H., Convit, A., & de Leon, M. J. (2004) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.4.5.831 · Cited by 46
Barnes, J., Boyes, R. G., Lewis, E. B., Schott, J. M., Frost, C. D., Scahill, R. I., & Fox, N. C. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.07.008 · Cited by 47
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Dementias
Hsu, Y., Du, A., Schuff, N. W., & Weiner, M. W. (2001) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/089198870101400308 · Cited by 46
Sex influences the effects of APOE genotype and Alzheimer’s diagnosis on neuropathology and memory
Duarte‐Guterman, P., Albert, A., Barha, C. K., Galea, L. A. M., & Initiative, O. B. O. T. A. D. N. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105248 · Cited by 48
Wright, A. L., Konen, L. M., Mockett, B. G., Morris, G. P., Singh, A., Burbano, L. E., Milham, L. T., Hoang, M., Zinn, R., Chesworth, R., et al. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00632-5 · Cited by 47
Vints, W. A. J., Šeikinaitė, J., Gökçe, E., Kušleikienė, S., Šarkinaitė, M., Valatkevičienė, K., Česnaitienė, V. J., Verbunt, J., Levin, O., & Masiulis, N. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01110-6 · Cited by 48
Wolf, D. G. F., Fischer, F. U., de Florès, R., Chételat, G., & Fellgiebel, A. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22880 · Cited by 45
Das, S. R., Avants, B., Pluta, J. B., Wang, H., Suh, J. W., Weiner, M. W., Mueller, S. G., & Yushkevich, P. A. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.098 · Cited by 47
Neuroimaging Enrichment Strategy for Secondary Prevention Trials in Alzheimer Disease
McEvoy, L. K., Edland, S. D., Holland, D., Hagler, D. J., Roddey, J. C., Fennema‐Notestine, C., Salmon, D. P., Koyama, A. K., Aisen, P. S. S., Brewer, J. B., et al. (2010) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e3181d1b814 · Cited by 45
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Is it Alzheimer's disease or Not?
Petersen, R. C., & Bennett, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2005-7307 · Cited by 46
Self-citationStrydom, A., Hassiotis, A., & Walker, Z. (2002) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0790966700006984 · Cited by 44
Bachman, A. H., Lee, S. H., Sidtis, J. J., & Ardekani, B. A. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-131526 · Cited by 44
Wang, Q., Chen, G., Schindler, S. E., Christensen, J. J., McKay, N. S., Liu, J., Wang, S., Sun, Z., Hassenstab, J. J., Su, Y., et al. (2022) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000001152 · Cited by 46
Preboske, G. M., Gunter, J. L., Ward, C. P., & Jack, C. R. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.049 · Cited by 44
Self-citationEffects of age and mild cognitive impairment on direct and indirect access to arithmetic knowledge.
Zamarian, L., Stadelmann, E., Nürk, H., Gamboz, N., Marksteiner, J., & Delazer, M. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.012 · Cited by 43
Uncovering heterogeneous cognitive trajectories in mild cognitive impairment: a data-driven approach
Wang, X., Ye, T., Zhou, W., Zhang, J., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2023) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-023-01205-w · Cited by 44
Beason‐Held, L. L. (2011) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720511795745294 · Cited by 43
Longitudinal Changes of Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Semantic Dementia
Diehl‐Schmid, J., Grimmer, T., Drzezga, A. E., Bornschein, S., Perneczky, R., Förstl, H., Schwaiger, M., & Kurz, A. (2006) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000095624 · Cited by 43
Cognitive aging and Alzheimer’s disease
Vandenberghe, R. R., & Tournoy, J. (2005) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.028290 · Cited by 45
Shim, Y. S., Yoon, B., Shon, Y., Ahn, K. J., & Yang, D. (2008) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.02.021 · Cited by 43
Entorhinal cortex structure and functional MRI response during an associative verbal memory task
Braskie, M. N., Small, G. W., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20823 · Cited by 43
Potential Moderators of Physical Activity on Brain Health
Leckie, R. L., Weinstein, A. M., Hodzic, J. C., & Erickson, K. I. (2012) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2012/948981 · Cited by 47
Trivedi, M. A., Wichmann, A. K., Torgerson, B. M., Ward, M. A., Schmitz, T. W., Ries, M. L., Koscik, R. L., Asthana, S., & Johnson, S. C. (2006) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2006.06.001 · Cited by 46
Wolz, R., Schwarz, A. J., Yu, P., Cole, P. E., Rueckert, D., Jack, C. R., Raunig, D. L., Hill, D., & Initiative, T. A. D. N. (2014) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.09.014 · Cited by 42
Self-citationRole of Stress, Depression, and Aging in Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer’s Disease
Daulatzai, M. A. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_350 · Cited by 42
Baker, L. D., Pa, J., Katula, J. A., Aslanyan, V., Salmon, D. P., Jacobs, D. M., Chmelo, E. A., Hodge, H., Morrison, R. H., Matthews, G., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14586 · Cited by 41
Guo, T., Winterburn, J. L., Pipitone, J., Duerden, E. G., Park, M. T. M., Chau, V., Poskitt, K. J., GRUNAU, R. E., Synnes, A. R., Miller, S. P., et al. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.07.019 · Cited by 43
Polygenic Risk Scores in Neurodegenerative Diseases: a Review
Ibáñez, L., Farias, F., Dube, U., Mihindukulasuriya, K. A., & Harari, O. (2019) · Current Genetic Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40142-019-0158-0 · Cited by 42
Bridging the Gap Between Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease, Model Systems, and Patients
Bjorkli, C., Sandvig, A., & Sandvig, I. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00272 · Cited by 41
Baiyewu, O., Esan, O., & Elugbadebo, O. O. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57296-9_119 · Cited by 41
van de Pol, L. A., Barnes, J., Scahill, R. I., Frost, C. D., Lewis, E. B., Boyes, R. G., van Schijndel, R. A., Scheltens, P., Fox, N. C., & Barkhof, F. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.033 · Cited by 41
Johnson, S. C., Schmitz, T. W., Asthana, S., Gluck, M. A., & Myers, C. E. (2008) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825580601139444 · Cited by 41
NINDS AIREN neuroimaging criteria do not distinguish stroke patients with and without dementia
Ballard, C. G., Burton, E. J., Barber, R., Stephens, S., Kenny, R. A., Kalaria, R. N., & O'Brien, J. T. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000138435.19761.93 · Cited by 41
Kim, J. S., Han, J. W., Bae, J. B., Moon, D. G., Shin, J. Y., Kong, J. E., Lee, H., Yang, H. W., Lim, E., Kim, J. Y., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22917-3 · Cited by 40
Pospíšil, P., Kazda, T., Hynková, L., Bulik, M., Dobiaskova, M., Burkoň, P., Laack, N. N. I., Šlampa, P., & Jančálek, R. (2017) · Radiotherapy and Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2016.12.013 · Cited by 40
Yano, Y., Reis, J. P., Levine, D. A., Bryan, R. N., Viera, A. J., Shimbo, D., Tedla, Y. G., Allen, N. B., Schreiner, P. J., Bancks, M. P., et al. (2017) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10144 · Cited by 40
Cifre, M., Palou, A., & Oliver, P. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0246-8 · Cited by 40
Age-related changes in the relationship between visual exploration and hippocampal activity
Liu, Z., Shen, K., Olsen, R. K., & Ryan, J. D. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.032 · Cited by 49
Neuropsychological predictors of dependency in patients with Alzheimer disease
Sarazin, M., Stern, Y., Berr, C., Riba, A., Albert, M., Brandt, J., & Dubois, B. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000154529.53488.30 · Cited by 40
Tai Ji Quan, the brain, and cognition in older adults
Chang, Y. K., Nien, Y.-H., Chen, A. G., & Yan, J. (2014) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2013.09.003 · Cited by 41
Atri, A., O’Brien, J. L., Sreenivasan, A., Rastegar, S., Salisbury, S. L., DeLuca, A. N., O’Keefe, K., LaViolette, P. S., Rentz, D. M., Locascio, J. J., et al. (2011) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.94 · Cited by 40
Bonifacio, G., & Zamboni, G. (2016) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133759 · Cited by 41
Amnestic MCI future clinical status prediction using baseline MRI features
Duchesne, S., Bocti, C., Sousa, K. D., Frisoni, G. B., Chertkow, H. M., & Collins, D. L. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.003 · Cited by 39
Hippocampal volume reduction in elderly patients at risk for postoperative cognitive dysfunction
Chen, M., Liao, Y., Rong, P., Hu, R., Lin, G., & Ouyang, W. (2013) · Journal of Anesthesia · doi:10.1007/s00540-012-1548-6 · Cited by 39
Microstructural brain changes track cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment
Reas, E. T., Hagler, D. J., White, N. S., Kuperman, J. M., Bartsch, H., Wierenga, C. E., Galasko, D. R., Brewer, J. B., Dale, A. M., & McEvoy, L. K. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.09.027 · Cited by 39
Archer, D. B., Moore, E. E., Shashikumar, N., Dumitrescu, L. C., Pechman, K. R., Landman, B. A., Gifford, K. A., Jefferson, A. L., & Hohman, T. J. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.05.001 · Cited by 41
The Role of Quantitative Structural Imaging in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's DiseaseQ4
Głodzik-Sobańska, L., Rusinek, H., Mosconi, L., Li, Y., Zhan, J., Santi, S. D., Convit, A. J., Rich, K. E., Bryś, M., & de Leon, M. J. (2005) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2005.09.004 · Cited by 40
Age effects on hippocampal structural changes in old men: The HAAS
Xu, Y., Valentino, D. J., Scher, I., Dinov, I. D., White, L. R., Thompson, P. M., Launer, L. J., & Toga, A. W. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.034 · Cited by 40
Self-citationCrutch, S. J., Rossor, M. N., & Warrington, E. K. (2007) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1348/174866407x209943 · Cited by 39
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Abnormalities in Nondemented Patients With Memory Impairment
Tanaka, M., Fukuyama, H., Yamauchi, H., Narita, M., Nabatame, H., Yokode, M., Fujimoto, N., Kita, T., & Murakami, M. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2002.tb00106.x · Cited by 38
Mapping genetic influences on ventricular structure in twins
CHOU, Y., Leporé, N., Chiang, M. Y.-H., Avedissian, C., Marina Barysheva, A., McMahon, K. L., de Zubicaray, G. I., Meredith, M., Wright, M. J., & Toga, A. W. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.036 · Cited by 38
Small hippocampal size in cognitively normal subjects with coronary artery disease
Koschack, J., & Irle, E. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.08.009 · Cited by 38
Whitman, E. T., Elliott, M. L., Knodt, A. R., Abraham, W. C., Anderson, T. J., Cutfield, N. J., Hogan, S., Ireland, D., Melzer, T. R., Ramrakha, S., et al. (2025) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-00897-z · Cited by 37
Sakurai, R., Ishii, K., Sakuma, N., Yasunaga, M., Suzuki, H., Murayama, Y., Nishi, M., Uchida, H., Shinkai, S., & Fujiwara, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4785 · Cited by 37
Kiefer, C., Brockhaus, L., Cattapan-Ludewig, K., Ballinari, P., Burren, Y., Schroth, G., & Wiest, R. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.005 · Cited by 39
The Value of Neuroimaging in Dementia Diagnosis
Raji, C. A., & Benzinger, T. L. S. (2022) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001133 · Cited by 42
Recognition of Facial Emotional Expression in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Varjassyová, A., Hořínek, D., Andel, R., Amlerová, J., Laczó, J., Sheardová, K., Magerová, H., Holmerová, I., Vyhnálek, M., Bradáč, O., et al. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-120148 · Cited by 36
Grunwald, M., Hensel, A., Wolf, H., Weiß, T., & Gertz, H. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0b013e31802ed5b2 · Cited by 39
Sensitivity of restriction spectrum imaging to memory and neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Reas, E. T., Hagler, D. J., White, N. S., Kuperman, J. M., Bartsch, H., Cross, K., Loi, R. Q., Balachandra, A. R., Meloy, M. J., Wierenga, C. E., et al. (2017) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0281-7 · Cited by 35
Punzi, M., Sestieri, C., Picerni, E., Chiarelli, A. M., Padulo, C., Pizzi, A. D., Tullo, M. G., Tosoni, A., Granzotto, A., Penna, S. D., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27429 · Cited by 38
Cook, P. F., Berns, G. S., Colegrove, K. M., Johnson, S., & Gulland, F. M. D. (2017) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24317 · Cited by 38
Changes in the Hippocampal Volume and Shape in Early-Onset Mild Cognitive Impairment
Moon, S. W., Lee, B., & Choi, Y. C. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.02.12 · Cited by 35
Minimal Atrophy of the Entorhinal Cortex and Hippocampus: Progression of Cognitive Impairment
Varón, D., Loewenstein, D., Potter, E., Greig, M. T., Agrón, J., Shen, Q., Zhao, W., Ramirez, M. C. M., Santos, I., Barker, W., et al. (2011) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000324711 · Cited by 36
Parker, T. D., Cash, D. M., Lane, C., Lu, K., Malone, I. B., Nicholas, J. M., James, S., Keshavan, A., Murray‐Smith, H., Wong, A., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224030 · Cited by 35
Neuropsychological Markers of Progression From Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer’s Disease
Marcos, A., Gil, P., Barabash, A., Rodríguez‐Fernández, R., Encinas, M., Fernández, C., & Cabranes, J. A. (2006) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317506289348 · Cited by 36
Magnetic Resonance Approaches to Brain Aging and Alzheimer Disease-associated Neuropathology
Anderson, V. C., Litvack, Z., & Kaye, J. A. (2005) · Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1097/01.rmr.0000245458.05654.d0 · Cited by 36
Clinical application of measurement of hippocampal atrophy in degenerative dementias
Barnes, J., Sebastien Ourselin, A., & Fox, N. C. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20617 · Cited by 34
Yakushev, I. Y., Müller, M. J., Lorscheider, M., Schermuly, I., Weibrich, C., Dellani, P. R., Hammers, A., Stoeter, P., & Fellgiebel, A. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.014 · Cited by 37
Mild cognitive impairment: new neuropsychological and pharmacological target
Rivas-Vazquez, R. A., Mendez, C., Rey, G. J., & Carrazana, E. J. (2003) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(02)00167-1 · Cited by 37
Metadata
- Authors
- Jack, C. R., Petersen, R. C., Xu, Y., O’Brien, P. C., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., Boeve, B. F., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2000-08-22
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 484-490
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- PMC
- PMC2724764
- OpenAlex
- W2044367669
- Semantic Scholar
- 412175cf3fadbd098463cf78426d180e44d83935
- Cited by
- 937
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 20.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-08031, P30AG008031, AG-06786, U01AG006786, R01AG011378, AG-11378, R37AG011378, P50AG016574)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- hippocampal atrophy, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, cognitive decline, cognitive continuum, aging, brain MRI
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Apolipoproteins E, Atrophy, Cognition Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hippocampus, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Disease Progression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
