Neural crest induction requires SALL4-mediated BAF recruitment to lineage specific enhancers
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Abstract
Neural crest induction begins early during neural plate formation, requiring precise transcriptional control to activate lineage-specific enhancers. Here, we demonstrate that SALL4, a transcription factor associated with syndromes featuring craniofacial anomalies, plays a crucial role in early cranial neural crest (CNCC) specification. Using SALL4-het-KO human iPSCs to model clinical haploinsufficiency, we show that SALL4 directly recruits BAF to CNCC-lineage specific enhancers at the neuroectodermal stage, specifically when neural crest gene expression is induced at the neural plate border. Without functional SALL4, BAF is not loaded at chromatin, leaving CNCC enhancers inaccessible. Consequently, the cells cannot undergo proper CNCC induction and specification due to persistent enhancer repression, despite normal neuroectodermal and neural plate progression. Moreover, by performing SALL4 isoform-specific depletion, we demonstrate that SALL4A is the isoform essential for CNCC induction and specification, and that SALL4B cannot compensate for SALL4A loss in this developmental process. In summary, our findings reveal SALL4 as essential regulator of BAF-dependent enhancer activation during early stages of neural crest development, providing molecular insights into SALL4-associated craniofacial anomalies.
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The people behind the papers – Martina Demurtas and Marco Trizzino
(2025) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.205444
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ming, J., liu, X., Jia, Z., Shi, W., Li, J., Wang, S., chen, Y., Lin, S., liang, Y., guo, P., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.21.707151
- Authors
- Demurtas, M., Barnada, S. M., van Domselaar, E., Mitchell, Z. H., Deelen, L., & Trizzino, M.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- Imperial College London 1 Department of Life Sciences , , London SW7 2AZ,
- Corresponding author
- Trizzino, Marco
- Venue
- Development
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2025-12-15
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 24
- ISSN
- 0950-1991 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9129
- PMC
- PMC12752504
- OpenAlex
- W4416785166
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 0.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Development (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Foundation
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y000854/1)
- Imperial College London
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- SALL4, BAF chromatin remodeling complex, neural crest induction, enhancer activation, enhancer repression, haploinsufficiency, neural plate border, craniofacial anomalies, transcriptional regulation, induced pluripotent stem cells
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA-Binding Proteins, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Humans, Neural Crest, Transcription Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell Lineage, Neural Plate, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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