Comparison of two regimens of concurrent strength and endurance training.
Abstract
To compare the responses to doing strength (S) training on alternate days with endurance (E) training vs doing both types of training on the same days per week, seven young men (group A-2 d) did S and E training together in single sessions 2 d.wk-1 for 20 wk. A second group (B-4 d, N = 8) did the S training on 2 d.wk-1 and E training on 2 other d.wk-1. S training was six to eight sets of 15-20 RM on a leg press weight machine. E training was six to eight 3-min bouts of cycle ergometer exercise at 90-100% VO2max. B-4 d (25%) increased leg press 1 RM more (P less than 0.05) than A-2 d (13%), but the groups increased similarly (A-2 d, B-4 d) in knee extensor (31%, 34%) and flexor (12%, 14%) cross-sectional area and vastus lateralis mean fiber area (33%, 25%). Increases in VO2max (7%, 6%), repetitions with 80% 1 RM (39%, 64%), repetitions with the pre-training 1 RM (33, 55), and PFK (19%, 10%) and LDH (15%, 23%) activity did not differ (P greater than 0.05) between groups. CS activity increased significantly only in A-2 d (26%; B-4 d, 6%). It is concluded that same day (vs different day) concurrent strength and endurance training may impede strength development without impeding hypertrophy. On the other hand, same day training may enhance increases in CS activity but not VO2max or weight lifting endurance.
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Longer training interventions (≥20 weeks) have failed to observe any differences in myofibre CSA hypertrophy compared to resistance training.
“longer training interventions (i.e., ≥20 weeks), have failed to observe any differences in myofibre CSA hypertrophy compared to resistance training (Sale et al., 1990; Häkkinen et al., 2003).”
From Myofibre Hypertrophy in the Absence of Changes to Satellite Cell Content Following Concurrent Exercise Training in Young Healthy Men (2021) · cites this paper as Sale et al., 1990
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BackgroundConcurrent Endurance and Strength Training Not to Failure Optimizes Performance Gains
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“[97], it has been reported that performing endurance and strength training in different days and/or training sessions, may be more beneficial for higher adaptations, for both training parts of a CT period.”
BackgroundConcurrent Training in Elite Male Runners
Sedano, S., Marin, P. J., Sáenz, G. C., & Castán, J. C. R. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318280cc26 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“However, combining strength and endurance training is difficult because of the conflicting demands of each type of activity (2,5,24,34,37).”
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“Of the 14 studies, 4 studies (de Souza et al., 2013; Gentil et al., 2017; Kikuchi et al., 2016; Sale et al., 1990) involved “untrained” or “inactive” populations whilst the remaining studies involved “trained” or “active populations” (Table 1), however only 4 studies (Balabinis et al., 2003;…”
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McBride, J. M., Blaak, J. B., & Triplett-McBride, T. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0930-3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
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“However, it should be noted that there is a great deal of evidence supporting the notion that the development of strength is significantly reduced when combining resistance and endurance training without concomitant reduction in endurance development (13,17,25,31,32,36,37,51).”
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“design) (19) that either prescribed impractically high training”
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Muscle hypertrophy with large-scale weight loss and resistance training
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Cardiorespiratory Adaptations during Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training in Men and Women
Schumann, M., Yli-Peltola, K., Abbiss, C. R., & Häkkinen, K. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139279 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“[10] no differentiation between the exercise orders (i.”
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“Furthermore, prolonging the between-mode recovery duration (> 8-24 hours) may further benefit resistance exercise performance [16], strength [6, 36], hypertrophy [6, 7], and aerobic adaptations [22].”
BackgroundEffect of Sequencing Strength and Endurance Training in Young Male Soccer Players
Makhlouf, I., Castagna, C., Manzi, V., Laurencelle, L., Behm, D. G., & Chaouachi, A. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001164 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“However, soccer practice could supplement the endurance stimulus while impairing the strength stimulus thus resulting in a detrimental competitive effect (30).”
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“In the older population, age-related muscle atrophy is the main reason for impaired muscle function.(18,19) Therefore, determining the best method for building strength is relevant to individuals of all ages and health levels.”
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“While Sale et al. (Sale et al. 1990) reported larger strength gains following different-day than same-session training after 20 weeks in men, the results of the present study displayed a similar effect after 12 weeks in women.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAdding strength to endurance training does not enhance aerobic capacity in cyclists
Psilander, N., Frank, P., Flockhart, M., & Sahlin, K. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12338 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“A possible explanation for this discrepancy could be that the subjects in the present study were trained cyclists whereas in our previous study and in the study by Sale et al. (1990a) the subjects were recreationally active.”
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Strength Training for Endurance Athletes
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“Previous research on untrained and recreationally trained individuals has demonstrated that concurrent strength and endurance training can augment LIEE and HIEE, aerobic power, maximal strength, muscle morphology, and body composition (27,28,32,34,42,47,49,71,85).”
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“It has been suggested that individuals doing combined training may reduce their effort during their resistance training session by lifting lower weights or performing a lower number of repetitions and/or sets compared with individuals engaging in resistance training only (Sale et al., 1990).”
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“…showed that gains in muscle strength are inhibited when muscular endurance training is performed concurrently (Bell et al. 1991; Hickson 1980; Sale et al. 1990), 1 3 suggesting that an increase in training volume can decrease the training intensity and, thus, suppress the training effects on…”
BackgroundSkeletal Muscle Physiology: Plasticity and Responses to Exercise
Kraemer, W. J., & Spiering, B. A. (2006) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000096617 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Acute Resistance Exercise Performance Is Negatively Impacted by Prior Aerobic Endurance Exercise
Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., Porfido, T., Ismaili, C., Selamie, S., Williams, B. D., Kuper, J. D., Bush, J. A., & Faigenbaum, A. D. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001548 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“(43) reported that concurrent AE and RT produced greater strength decrements when performed during the same day versus different days.”
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Seasonal Changes in Strength and Power in Elite Rugby League: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“These findings are likely due to the aerobic conditioning completed as interval training which has been shown by numerous researchers to minimise the mixed signaling effect associated with concurrent training (Balabinis et al., 2003; Sale et al., 1990).”
BackgroundConcurrent training effect on muscle fibers in Wistar rats
Castoldi, R. C., Camargo, R. C. T., Magalhães, A. J. B., Ozaki, G. A. T., Kodama, F. Y., Oikawa, S. M., Papoti, M., & Filho, J. C. S. C. (2013) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.1590/s1980-65742013000400008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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“Loads of 45 to 50% of 1 MR have been demonstrated to improve muscle strength in non-trained individuals (32).”
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“gains in muscle strength and hypertrophy (18,19).”
Enright, K. J., Morton, J. P., Iga, J., & Drust, B. (2016) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2016.1263394 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Methodological Considerations for Concurrent Training
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Effect of combined resistance and aerobic training on reactive hyperemia in men
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“Furthermore, to gain and maintain cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength or healthy cardiovascular function, the importance of combined endurance and resistance exercise has been reported by some papers [10, 14–18], but the effects on endothelial function of the microvasculature evaluated by using RH is not known.”
BackgroundAdaptações neuromusculares ao treinamento de força e concorrente em homens idosos.
Cadore, E. L., Pinto, R. S., & Kruel, L. F. M. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance · doi:10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n4p483 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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“The typical physiological adaptations occurring from resistance training include an increase in body mass, an increase in the size of fasttwitch fibers, and a decrease in the activity of oxidative enzymes (27).”
BackgroundLuk, J. T. C., Kwok, F. K. C., Ho, I. M. K., & Wong, D. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115908 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“Briefly, fatigue induced by a previous aerobic session might reduce the total work of a strength exercise [9,10], which ultimately might impair neuromuscular adaptations [11].”
BackgroundTreino de corrida não interfere no desempenho de força de membros superiores
Raddi, L. L. O., Gomes, R. V., Charro, M. A., Bacurau, R. F. P., & Aoki, M. S. (2008) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922008000600014 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Determinação da contração voluntária máxima no dinamômetro de preensão palmar A força de membros superiores foi determinada por meio do dinamômetro de preensão palmar (Hand-Grip Dynamometer TKK5001©, Takei Company, Tóquio)(17).”
BackgroundInfluentialOptimizing concurrent training programs: A review on factors that enhance muscle strength
Wang, T., & Bo, S. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041055 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“[70] Subsequent studies have supported the idea that properly separating endurance training from resistance training and increasing the interval between the 2 forms of training to allow for adequate recovery from exercise-induced fatigue leads to greater adaptations in endurance levels, muscle…”
Resistance Training for Distance Running
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“As compared to strength training alone, combined strength and endurance exercise training slows the improvement in muscle strength and may negatively impair endurance adaptation when compared to endurance training alone (interference effect) [92, 93].”
BackgroundPreseason Preparatory Training for a Division III Women's College Basketball Team
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“AGILITY TRAINING The idea that training variables should be manipulated to reflect situational demands is important, particularly during the preseason (44,52).”
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“Maximal strength was increased in both groups, but in a greater magnitude when both exercises were conducted in different sessions, being the total training volume the underpinning reason for such difference (Sale et al., 1990).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEfeito do treinamento concorrente no desenvolvimento da força motora e da resistência aeróbia
Paulo, A. C., Souza, E. O. D., Laurentino, G. C., Ugrinowitsch, C., & Tricoli, V. (2009) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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“that strength gains are inhibited by the addition o f endurance training sequences 263 (18,30,48,50), mainly due to a physiological interf erence between two signaling pathways.”
BackgroundTHE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT EXERCISE REGIMENS ON MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND PERFORMANCE
Psilander, N. (2014) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Overuse Injuries in Military Personnel
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“, alternate day running schedule) would potentially provide a greater benefit [78].”
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“35 Aerobic exercise can induce alterations in blood cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and other values from a biochemical perspective.”
InfluentialBagheri, R., Karimi, Z., CAMERA, D. M., Scott, D. S., Bashirzad, M. Z., Sadeghi, R., Kargarfard, M., & Dutheil, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1439037 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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- Authors
- SALE, D. G., JACOBS, I., MACDOUGALL, J. D., & GARNER, S.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1990-06
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 348???356
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2055553543
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- exercise frequency, leg press strength, muscle hypertrophy, cross-sectional area, VO2max, cycle ergometry, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, young men
- MeSH terms
- Citrate (si)-Synthase, Physical Exertion, Humans, Male, Muscle Contraction, Muscles, Physical Education and Training, Physical Endurance, Weight Lifting
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