Running economy of elite male and elite female runners
Abstract
Twenty female and 45 male middle and long-distance runners, in training for the U.S. Olympic Trials, served as subjects. Ninety percent of both men and women subjects reached the Trials; eight women and 12 men qualified for the Olympic Games and five won medals. Each subject completed a VO2max and a series of submax treadmill runs, for the purpose of comparing heart rate (HR), VO2, and blood lactate (HLa) among men and women and among runners of various event specialties. Results showed the men to be taller, heavier, to have a lower six-site skinfold sum and a higher VO2max, than the women (P less than 0.05); there was no difference in age. When compared in running economy, men used less oxygen (ml.min-1.kg-1) at common absolute velocities, but VO2 (ml.km-1.kg-1) was not different between men and women at equal relative intensities (%VO2max). When men and women of equal VO2max were compared, the men were significantly more economical, using any method of comparison. Also, when comparisons of men and women of equal economy were made, it was found that the men had an even greater advantage over the "matched" women subjects than the mean VO2max comparison using all subjects. In looking at the SD (800-/1500-m runners), MD (3-K/5-K/10-K runners) and LD (marathon runners), it was found that the SD runners used the least oxygen (ml.min-1.kg-1) at speeds of marathon race pace and faster, but not at slower speeds. Men and women responded similarly in this regard. Running economy data for speeds slower than typical race paces, tended to show the LD runners to be most economical, suggesting that the speeds over which runners are tested plays an important part in determining which subjects are the most economical. It was concluded that at absolute running velocities, men are more economical than women, but when expressed in ml.km-1.kg-1 there are no gender differences at similar relative intensities of running. Also, when men and women of equal VO2max or equal economy are matched, the men show a better aerobic profile. It is recommended that economy data be collected up to speeds equal to over 90% VO2max.
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Exercise economy in athletes is important in determining performance and discriminating between successful athletes.
“Indeed, both modelling [68] and measures [69] of exercise economy in athletes show its importance in determining performance and discriminating between successful athletes [70].”
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Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners
Saunders, P. U., Pyne, D. B., Telford, R. D., & Hawley, J. A. (2004) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200434070-00005 · Cited by 975 · see citing works
“[86] Daniels and are the major factors that increase submaximal ˙ VO2 Daniels [87] found that 800/1500m specialists were and decrease RE.”
BackgroundA 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of outdoor running
JONES, A. M., & Doust, J. H. (1996) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419608727717 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
The Effect of Endurance Training on Parameters of Aerobic Fitness
Jones, A. M., & Carter, H. (2000) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
“O2max, has been shown to be an important determinant of endurance exercise performance.[65-68] Morgan et al.”
BackgroundRunning economy: Measurement, norms, and determining factors
Barnes, K. R., & Kilding, A. E. (2015) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-015-0007-y · Cited by 465 · see citing works
“mlkgmin or mlkgmin) has also been reported in order to compare RE between individuals and animals with varying body mass [22,33-47].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe cardiovascular challenge of exercising in the heat
González‐Alonso, J., Crandall, C. G., & Johnson, J. M. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.142158 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
“The classical work of Costill, Daniels, and colleagues (13, 15, 16 ) established the relationship between measured indexes of maximal aerobic power (E˙aer-max) and the endurance running performances of different individuals.”
BackgroundA Comparison of the Energetic Cost of Running in Marathon Racing Shoes
Hoogkamer, W., Kipp, S., Frank, J. H., Farina, E. M., Luo, G., & Kram, R. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0811-2 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
“, lower energetic cost of running) can be expected to outperform runners with a higher energetic cost of running [8].”
BackgroundBurke, L. M., Ross, M. L., Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., Welvaert, M., Heikura, I. A., Forbes, S. G., Mirtschin, J. G., Cato, L. E., Strobel, N., Sharma, A. P., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp273230 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
“Webster et al. (2016) measured glucose kinetics at rest and during 2 h of cycling at a slightly higher intensity ( 70% V̇O2peak) and showed that endogenous glucose production at rest and during exercise in keto-adapted ultra-endurance athletes was lower compared with athletes consuming higher CHO diets.”
BackgroundInfluentialMoore, I. S. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0474-4 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Biomechanical factors affecting running economy
Kyröläinen, H., Belli, A., & Komi, P. V. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200108000-00014 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
“Physiological variables differed expectedly between genders, and they were also well in line with earlier literature (10).”
BackgroundResultInterval training at V??O2max: effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers
Billat, V. L., FLECHET, B., Petit, B., MURIAUX, G., & Koralsztein, J. P. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199901000-00024 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Biomechanics and Running Economy
Anderson, T. (1996) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199622020-00003 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Economy of running: beyond the measurement of oxygen uptake
Fletcher, J. R., Esau, S. P., & MacIntosh, B. R. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00307.2009 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
The Physiology of the World Record Holder for the Women's Marathon
JONES, A. M. (2006) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1260/174795406777641258 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“Long distance runners tend to be more economical than middle-distance runners at sub-maximal running speeds [4, 10], but it is not clear whether this difference has a genetic origin or is related to the larger training volumes that are typically completed by these athletes [11].”
BackgroundInfluence of the muscle-tendon unit's mechanical and morphological properties on running economy
Arampatzis, A., Monte, G. D., Karamanidis, K., et al. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02340 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“It has been shown that distance runners demonstrate significant differences in the rate of oxygen consumption while running at the same velocity (Williams and Cavanagh, 1987; Daniels and Daniels, 1992).”
BackgroundStrategies to Improve Running Economy
Barnes, K. R., & Kilding, A. E. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0246-y · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“Additionally, some studies [46, 162, 164] have combined male and female results in the analyses; because females are generally more flexible [162] and less economical than males [19], the true association between economy and flexibility may be difficult to discern if sexes are not studied separately.”
ResultPhysiological characteristics of the best Eritrean runners—exceptional running economy
Lucía, A., Esteve-Lanao, J., Oliván, J., Gómez‐Gallego, F., Juan, A. F. S., Santiago, C., Pérez, M., Chamorro-Viña, C., & Foster, C. (2006) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h06-029 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“, in mL kg–1 km–1 (Daniels and Daniels 1992).”
HUNTER, S. K., S. ANGADI, S., BHARGAVA, A., HARPER, J., HIRSCHBERG, A. L., D. LEVINE, B., L. MOREAU, K., J. NOKOFF, N., STACHENFELD, N. S., & BERMON, S. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003300 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Training and Bioenergetic Characteristics in Elite Male and Female Kenyan Runners
Billat, V. L., Leprêtre, P., Heugas, A. M., Mille-Hamard, L., SALIM, D., & Koralsztein, J. P. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000053556.59992.a9 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“Both in men and women, ECR are in line with those measured on road in elite Caucasian marathon runners at their specific velocity over the marathon (7,11).”
ResultTest of the Classic Model for Predicting Endurance Running Performance
MCLAUGHLIN, J. E., Howley, E. T., Bassett, D. R., Thompson, D. L., & Fitzhugh, E. C. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c0669d · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Physiological demands of running at 2-hour marathon race pace
JONES, A. M., Kirby, B. S., Clark, I. E., Rice, H. M., Fulkerson, E., Wylie, L. J., Wilkerson, D. P., Vanhatalo, A., & Wilkins, B. W. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00647.2020 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“These values are similar to those reported in other studies of trained 414 endurance runners (8, 12, 13, 14, 42).”
ResultThe fastest runner on artificial legs: different limbs, similar function?
Weyand, P. G., Bundle, M. W., McGowan, C. P., et al. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00174.2009 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Physiological Factors Associated with Middle Distance Running Performance
Brandon, L. J. (1995) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199519040-00004 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Helgerud, J. (1994) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00244029 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“The I202 of running observed in the present study was slightly higher than has been reported earlier (Daniels et al. 1986; Pate et al. 1987; Williams et al. 1987; Bunc and Heller 1989; Bergh et al. 1991; Padilla et al. 1992; Daniels and Daniels 1992), and the reason for this may be that these studies have used horizon…”
ResultDufour, S. P., Ponsot, E., Zoll, J., Doutreleau, S., Lonsdorfer‐Wolf, E., Gény, B., Lampert, E., Flück, M., Hoppeler, H. H., Billat, V. L., et al. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00742.2005 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“These running speeds amounted to 92 and 90% of the respective normoxic and hypoxic vV̇O2 max, corresponding to recommended speed for RE determination in athletes (10).”
BackgroundManning, J. T., Morris, L., & Caswell, N. (2007) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20603 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“ER tests aerobic efficiency (Daniels and Daniels, 1992).”
BackgroundBarnes, K. R., & Kilding, A. E. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-1012-3 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Altered Neurochemistry in Former Professional Soccer Players without a History of Concussion
Koerte, I. K., Lin, A. P., Muehlmann, M., Merugumala, S. K., Liao, H. V., Starr, T. C., Kaufmann, D., Mayinger, M. C., Steffinger, D., Fisch, B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3715 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Energy Expenditure of Walking and Running: Comparison with Prediction Equations
Hall, C., Figueroa, A., Fernhall, B., & Kanaley, J. A. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000147584.87788.0e · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Sandbakk, Ø., Solli, G. S., & Holmberg, H.-C. (2018) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0196 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Improved running economy following intensified training correlates with reduced ventilatory demands
Franch, J., Madsen, K., Djurhuus, M. S., & Pedersen, P. K. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199808000-00011 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Endurance Running.
Besson, T., Macchi, R., Rossi, J., Morio, C. Y. M., Kunimasa, Y., Nicol, C., Vercruyssen, F., & Millet, G. Y. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01651-w · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“In this regard, sex-specific differences have often been observed when authors expressed RE from oxygen cost or submaximal V O 2 (e.g. [23, 108, 112, 115]).”
The Impact of Resistance Training on Distance Running Performance
Jung, A. P. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333070-00005 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
The association between flexibility and running economy in sub-elite male distance runners
Craib, M. W., MITCHELL, V. A., Fields, K. B., Cooper, T. R., Hopewell, R., & Morgan, D. W. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199606000-00012 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Sex differences in human performance
Hunter, S. K., & Senefeld, J. W. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284198 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Over a running career, distance athletes can improve their running economy (Jones, 2006) but there are minimal sex differences among elite and sub-elite runners (Bunc & Heller, 1989; Daniels & Daniels, 1992; Davies & Thompson, 1979; Helgerud, 1994; Loftin et al., 2009).”
Extrapolating Metabolic Savings in Running: Implications for Performance Predictions
Kipp, S., Kram, R., & Hoogkamer, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00079 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“A narrower velocity range is what has led many previous studies to describe the V̇O2-velocity relation as linear (Menier and Pugh, 1968; Daniels and Daniels, 1992; Helgerud et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSkinfold thicknesses associated with distance running performance in highly trained runners
Legaz‐Arrese, A., & Ostaríz, E. S. (2005) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410500127751 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“…of our athletes was significantly lower than that reported among groups of runners of lower ability (Bosch et al., 1990; Coetzer et al., 1993; Daniels & Daniels, 1992; Komi, Rusko, Vos, & Vihko, 1977; Rusko, Havu, & Karvinen, 1978; Wilmore, 1992) but similar to those values reported for…”
ResultOptimal running speed and the evolution of hominin hunting strategies
Steudel‐Numbers, K., & Wall‐Scheffler, C. M. (2009) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.11.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“In addition, the majority of earlier work on human running looks at the cost per unit time (Boje, 1944; Margaria et al., 1963; Conley and Krahenbuhl,1980; Hagan et al.,1980; Daniels and Daniels, 1992; Sherman, 1998), rather than the cost per unit distance.”
BackgroundFactors Affecting Training and Physical Performance in Recreational Endurance Runners
Boullosa, D. A., Esteve-Lanao, J., Casado, A., Peyré‐Tartaruga, L. A., da Rosa, R. G., & Coso, J. D. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8030035 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Determinants of 800-m and 1500-m Running Performance Using Allometric Models
Ingham, S. A., Whyte, G. P., Pedlar, C. R., BAILEY, D. M., Dunman, N., & Nevill, A. M. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a83dc · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Mechanisms for Improved Running Economy in Beginner Runners
Moore, I. S., JONES, A. M., & Dixon, S. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318255a727 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“of training speeds for RE assessment (11,20).”
ResultHigh-speed running performance: a new approach to assessment and prediction
Bundle, M. W., Hoyt, R. W., & Weyand, P. G. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00921.2002 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sprinting speed in boys
Manning, J. T., & Hill, M. R. (2008) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20855 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“…that 2D:4D is a rather weak predictor of strength, in contrast the results of Manning et al. (2007b) indicate that 2D:4D is a strong predictor of traits, which underlie endurance running e.g. running economy, VO2 max, and vascular compliance (Daniels and Daniels, 1992; Helgerud et al., 1990).”
ResultDo Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport?
Tiller, N. B., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Knechtle, B., Wilson, P. B., Roberts, J., & Millet, G. Y. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Low frequency of the "plateau phenomenon" during maximal exercise in elite British athletes
Doherty, M., Nobbs, L., & Noakes, T. D. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0845-z · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Factors affecting the energy cost of level running at submaximal speed
Lacour, J., & BOURDIN, M. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3115-y · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Lower-Body Determinants of Running Economy in Male and Female Distance Runners
Barnes, K. R., McGuigan, M. R., & Kilding, A. E. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000267 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“with counterparts exhibiting similar fitness, training history, and performance backgrounds (15,17,18,54).”
BackgroundResultAnderson, L. M., Bonanno, D. R., Hart, H. F., & Barton, C. J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01238-y · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The concurrent effects of strike pattern and ground-contact time on running economy
Michele, R. D., & Merni, F. (2013) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2013.05.012 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Physiological and Biomechanical Mechanisms of Distance Specific Human Running Performance
Thompson, M. A. (2017) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icx069 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Burke, L. M., Sharma, A. P., Heikura, I. A., Forbes, S. F., Holloway, M., McKay, A. K. A., Bone, J. L., Leckey, J. J., Welvaert, M., & Ross, M. L. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234027 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Indeed, both modelling [68] and measures [69] of exercise economy in athletes show its importance in determining performance and discriminating between successful athletes [70].”
BackgroundMillet, Millet, Hofmann, et al. (2000) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2000-8866 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Are there differences in running economy at different velocities for well-trained distance runners?
Helgerud, J., Støren, Ø., & Hoff, J. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1218-z · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Thus, it seems natural that the CR by the group as a whole is higher than reported for elite runners (Daniels and Daniels 1992), intermediate national standard marathon runners (Helgerud 1994) and recreational marathon runners (Helgerud et al.”
BackgroundMcGregor, S. J., Busa, M. A., Yaggie, J. A., & Bollt, E. M. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007355 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“By minimizing accelerations at any given speed, good runners would presumably use less energy to maintain a given constant speed, an observation reported by some investigators [15,20,21].”
ResultRunning performance has a structural basis
Weyand, P. G., & Davis, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01609 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“represent a functional trade-off between the body and muscle mass minimums that maximize mass-specific aerobic power and endurance (Costill, 1972; Saltin, 1987; Daniels and Daniels, 1992) vs the additional musculoskeletal structure required to apply the greater ground forces necessary to race at faster speeds.”
BackgroundEhrström, S., Tartaruga, M. P., Easthope, C. A., Brisswalter, J., Morin, J.-B., & Vercruyssen, F. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001467 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Reappraisal of the comparative cost of human locomotion using gait-specific allometric analyses.
Rubenson, J., Heliams, D. B., Maloney, S. K., Withers, P. C., Lloyd, D. G., & Fournier, P. A. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.000992 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“…4.19 (Costill and Fox, 1969) 59.8 3.51 (Bransford and Howley, 1977) FU 63.7 5.07 (Costill et al., 1973) 67.0 3.43 (Bransford and Howley, 1977) MT 65.4 4.82 (Daniels and Daniels, 1992) 80.2 3.57 (Bransford and Howley, 1977) MU 58.9 4.24 (Daniels et al., 1977) 64.6 3.44 (Conley and Krahenbuhl, 1980)…”
InfluentialGround Contact Time as an Indicator of Metabolic Cost in Elite Distance Runners
Chapman, R. F., Laymon, A. S., Wilhite, D. P., et al. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182400520 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“, 5000 m through the marathon), with each group demonstrating lower oxygen uptake values than the other at paces corresponding to their specialty racing distance (7,20).”
BackgroundInfluentialEndurance Training and Performance in Runners
Berg, K. E. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333010-00005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“75.[30-33] The magnitude of error in using an in-”
BackgroundMethodAnthropometric Characteristics, Body Composition and Somatotype of Elite Male Young Runners
Sánchez‐Muñoz, C., Muros, J. J., López‐Belmonte, Ó., & Zabala, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17020674 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Variables which have been associated with running performance include physical characteristics, maximal aerobic power (VO2max) [1–5], body composition [5–7], thigh-length [6], lactate threshold [8], the energy cost of running [9–12], running economy [10,13,14] and stride length [15,16].”
BackgroundNutritional strategies to optimize training and racing in middle-distance athletes
Stellingwerff, T., Boit, M. K., & Res, P. T. (2007) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410701607213 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Varela-Sanz, A., España, J., Carr, N., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31820f5049 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“In this regard, given that the improvement on RE via greater mechanical efficiency could be reflected on changes in running kinematics (3,11,12,38), one may speculate the influence of GCSs on running kinematics, but to our knowledge, no study has addressed this question.”
BackgroundInfluentialMechanical power in running: a comparison of different approaches
Arampatzis, A., Knicker, A. J., Metzler, V., et al. (2000) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00187-6 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“It has also been demonstrated that the rate of oxygen uptake as a measure of metabolic energy is linearly related to movement velocity (Margaria et al., 1963; Di Prampero et al., 1986; Daniels and Daniels, 1992; Di Prampero et al., 1993).”
BackgroundEffects of Resistance Training on Running Economy and Cross-country Performance
Barnes, K. R., Hopkins, W. G., McGuigan, M. R., Northuis, M. E., & Kilding, A. E. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31829af603 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“There is a strong association between running economy and distance-running performance (3,9,12,14).”
BackgroundBioenergetics of Exercising Humans
Brooks, G. A. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110007 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Exercise‐Induced Muscle Damage and Running Economy in Humans
Assumpção, C. D. O., de Lima, L. C. R., de Oliveira, F. B. D., Greco, C. C., & Denadai, B. S. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/189149 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“, maximal oxygen uptake, VO 2 max) [1].”
Effects of Different Uphill Interval-Training Programs on Running Economy and Performance
Barnes, K. R., Hopkins, W. G., McGuigan, M. R., & Kilding, A. E. (2013) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.8.6.639 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sit-and-Reach Flexibility and Running Economy of Men and Women Collegiate Distance Runners
Trehearn, T. L., & Buresh, R. J. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818eaf49 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“To measure running economy in distance runners, data were collected at an absolute velocity and at a relative velocity near 10-km race pace (8).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialShaw, A. J., Ingham, S. A., Atkinson, G., & Folland, J. P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123101 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“As differences in RE and V̇O2max have been noted between sexes [16–18], males and females were analysed separately for cross sectional analyses.”
BackgroundPhysiological correlates of middle-distance running performance
Padilla, S., BOURDIN, M., Barth�l�my, J. C., et al. (1992) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00602366 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“To take into account the possible variation of CR with v, these two periods were as close as possible to the one considered as the maximum (Daniels and Daniels 1992). In both groups the maximum duration at which v . . . . could be sustained (tva,m~) was calculated. This duration was calculated for subjects meeting the…”
MethodPacing in age group marathoners in the “New York City Marathon”
Nikolaidis, P. Τ., & Knechtle, B. (2017) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2017.1393752 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“When women and men of equal VO2max were compared, men were significantly more economical than women (Daniels & Daniels, 1992).”
The energetic cost of locomotion: humans and primates compared to generalized endotherms
Steudel‐Numbers, K. (2003) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(02)00209-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…particularly those cited in earlier works on this subject (Margaria, 1938; Ralston, 1958; Margaria et al., 1963; Dill, 1965; Van der Walt and Wyndham, 1973; Mayhew et al., 1979) as well as some recent work (Conley and Krahenbuhl, 1980; Waters et al., 1988; Daniels and Daniels, 1992; Sherman, 1998).”
Difference in Mechanical and Energy Cost between Highly, Well, and Nontrained Runners
SLAWINSKI, J. S., & Billat, V. L. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000135785.68760.96 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Daniels and Daniels (14) have shown that for intensities typically used in races up through the marathon, no differences exist in C within the range of most intensities (80–100% of V̇O2max).”
Effect of sex on preactivation of the gastrocnemius and hamstring muscles: Table 1
DeMont, R. G., & Lephart, S. M. (2004) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2002.000195 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The effects of buffer ingestion on metabolic factors related to distance running performance
Potteiger, J. A., Webster, M. J., Nickel, G. L., Haub, M. D., & Palmer, R. J. (1996) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00599698 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Energetics of high-speed running: integrating classical theory and contemporary observations
Weyand, P. G., & Bundle, M. W. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00628.2004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“A direct implication of this result is that the close relationship between Ėaer-max and endurance widely recognized for long-distance running (13, 15, 16) applies to shorter events as well.”
BackgroundAge of peak performance in 50-km ultramarathoners – is it older than in marathoners?
Nikolaidis, P. Τ., & Knechtle, B. (2018) · Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.2147/oajsm.s154816 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“These differences partially reflect the higher scores of VO 2max in men (eg, + 9.3% in elite marathon runners 20 ), which highlights that elite women runners are expected to reduce the gap to men in the future.”
InfluentialSandford, G. N., Kilding, A. E., Ross, A., & Laursen, P. B. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-1010-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Effects of a 2-Hour Run on Metabolic Economy and Lower Extremity Strength in Men and Women
Glace, B. W., McHugh, M. P., & Gleim, G. W. (1998) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1998.27.3.189 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Støa, E. M., Helgerud, J., Rønnestad, B. R., Hansen, J., Ellefsen, S., & Støren, Ø. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.585267 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In a study by Helgerud et al. (2010), female runners were found to have 10% better CR than male runners, when CR was expressed as ml · kg−0.75 ·m−1, which contradicts the findings of Daniels and Daniels (1992) and Bunc and Heller (1989).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEnergy cost of running and Achilles tendon stiffness in man and woman trained runners
Fletcher, J. R., Pfister, T. R., & MacIntosh, B. R. (2013) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.1002/phy2.178 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Still others argue to the contrary; men are more economical (Daniels and Daniels 1992).”
BackgroundEffects of Load and Gradient on Energy Cost of Running
Abe, D., Fukuoka, Y., Muraki, S., et al. (2011) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.2114/jpa2.30.153 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“RE ranged quite widely even in a trained-runners’ group with similar performance levels and/or similar endurance capacities (Abe et al., 1998; Daniels and Daniels, 1992).”
BackgroundResultEnergy expenditure and intensity of physical activity in soccer referees during match-play.
da Silva, A. I., Fernandes, L. C., & Fernández, R. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Smekal, G., von DUVILLARD, S. P., Pokan, R., Tschan, H., Baron, R., Hofmann, P., Wonisch, M., & Bachl, N. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0824-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“However, the running distance was shorter (3789 m vs. 10,090 m). Daniels and Daniels (1992) investigated the running economy of male and female world class middle and long distance athletes and concluded that 95% of V · O2max effort allows the athletes to reach 10-km race”
BackgroundIncreased Blood Lactate Level Deteriorates Running Economy in World Class Endurance Athletes
Hoff, J., Støren, Ø., Finstad, A., Wang, E., & Helgerud, J. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001349 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“This is in agreement with previous results from Di Pampero et al. (16) and Helgerud (18), but not in agreement with the results from Daniels and Daniels (14) who found increasing oxygen cost of running as relative running intensity increased in the area between 70% and 100% V_ O2max.”
ResultSex-specific differences in biomechanics among runners: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Xie, P., Bíró, I., & Liang, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.994076 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“In previous work, Daniels and Daniels (1992) revealed that male runners were more economical, demonstrating less oxygen use at a given speed, compared to female runners, and that this difference may contribute to the discrepancy in running performance between male and female runners.”
BackgroundSmoljanić, J., Morris, N. B., Dervis, S., & Jay, O. (2014) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00665.2014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Llanos-Lagos, C., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Moran, J., & de Villarreal, E. S. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01978-y · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sawyer, B. J., Blessinger, J. R., Irving, B. A., et al. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181de2da7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“For walking and running studies, determination of economy typically involves measurement of steady-state VO2 at one or more selected speeds, without analysis of the characteristics of the VO2-speed relationship (1,5,12,15,17,19,23).”
BackgroundInfluentialCycling efficiency in trained male and female competitive cyclists.
Hopker, J., Jobson, S., Carter, H., et al. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hunter, S. K., Angadi, S. S., Bhargava, A., Harper, J., Hirschberg, A. L., Levine, B. D., Moreau, K. L., Nokoff, N. J., Stachenfeld, N. S., & Bermon, S. (2023) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000236 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Movement Economy in Soccer: Current Data and Limitations
Dolci, F., Hart, N. H., Kilding, A. E., Chivers, P., Piggott, B., & Spiteri, T. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports6040124 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Causes of sexual dimorphism in performance traits: a comparative approach
Damme, R. V., Entin, P. L., Vanhooydonck, B., & Herrel, A. (2008) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Improving running economy through altered shoe bending stiffness across speeds
McLeod, A. R., Bruening, D. A., Johnson, A. W., Ward, J., & Hunter, I. (2020) · Footwear Science · doi:10.1080/19424280.2020.1734870 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Running economy is one of the most influential factors when considering a distance runners performance and can be defined as the relationship between the velocity of running and the metabolic energy cost (measured in V _O2 at a given sub-maximal running speed) (Daniels & Daniels, 1992).”
BackgroundInfluence of training, sex, age and body mass on the energy cost of running
BOURDIN, M., Pastene, J., Germain, M., et al. (1993) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00599618 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Relationship between Running Power and Running Economy in Well-Trained Distance Runners
Austin, C., Hokanson, J. F., McGinnis, P. M., & Patrick, S. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports6040142 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“vVO2max has been established as a measure that more closely correlates with running performance than either running economy or VO2max individually [30,31].”
BackgroundThe energy cost of horizontal walking and running in adolescents
Walker, J. L., Murray, T. D., Jackson, A. S., et al. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199902000-00016 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Aerobic and anaerobic work capacities and leg muscle characteristics in elite orienteers
Rolf, C., Anderson, G., Westblad, P., et al. (1997) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00112.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Denadai, B. S., Ortiz, M. J., & de Mello, M. T. (2004) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922004000500007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“O consumo de oxigênio (VO2) foi medido entre o 6o e 7o min a 14km/h, servindo como referência para a EC do atleta, que foi definida como a relação entre o VO2 e a velocidade de corrida(14).”
BackgroundDoes Metabolic Rate Increase Linearly with Running Speed in all Distance Runners?
Batliner, M., Kipp, S., Grabowski, A. M., Kram, R., & Byrnes, W. C. (2017) · Sports Medicine International Open · doi:10.1055/s-0043-122068 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, this does not explain our findings or those of Dan - iels and Daniels [7], because treadmill running involves negligible aerodynamic resistance.”
InfluentialAbe, D., Yanagawa, K., Yamanobe, K., & Tamura, K. (1998) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050340 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In particular, _ V O2max has been the factor that has received the most attention in identifying promising endurance athletes, because it indicates the maximal aerobic working capacity (SjoÈ din and Svedenhag 1985; Bailey and Pate 1991; Daniels and Daniels 1992).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- DANIELS, J., & DANIELS, N.
- Affiliations
- SUNY Cortland (US)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1992-04
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 483???489
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1968795196
- Cited by
- 345
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Keywords
- running economy, sex differences, middle-distance runners, long-distance runners, marathon runners, VO2max, heart rate, blood lactate, treadmill running
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Lactates, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Running, Sex Characteristics, Skinfold Thickness
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