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Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation
Abstract
This brief review focuses on the time course of changes in muscle function and other correlates of muscle damage following maximal effort eccentric actions of the forearm flexor muscles. Data on 109 subjects are presented to describe an accurate time course of these changes and attempt to establish relationships among the measures. Peak soreness is experienced 2-3 d postexercise while peak swelling occurs 5 d postexercise. Maximal strength and the ability to fully flex the arm show the greatest decrements immediately after exercise with a linear restoration of these functions over the next 10 d. Blood creatine kinase (CK) levels increase precipitously at 2 d after exercise which is also the time when spontaneous muscle shortening is most pronounced. Whether the similarity in the time courses of some of these responses implies that they are caused by similar factors remains to be determined. Performance of one bout of eccentric exercise produces an adaptation such that the muscle is more resistant to damage from a subsequent bout of exercise. The length of the adaptation differs among the measures such that when the exercise regimens are separated by 6 wk, all measures show a reduction in response on the second, compared with the first, bout. After 10 wk, only CK and muscle shortening show a reduction in response. After 6 months only the CK response is reduced. A combination of cellular factors and neurological factors may be involved in the adaptation process.
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“Recall that the greatest declines in muscle function occur immediately following eccentric contraction-induced injury, yet markers of muscle damage are not fully apparent until 1–2 days after injury (34, 47, 52).”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“However, there is a dissociation between muscle function and histological markers of muscle damage that disputes the latter causal relationship.”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
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“…loss of muscle force (Davies & White, 1981), muscle pain (Armstrong, 1984), increased joint stiffness (Stauber et al., 1990), muscle swelling (Clarkson et al., 1992), a shift in optimal joint angle for torque generation (Jones et al., 1997), muscle protein degradation and efflux to…”
BackgroundMiyamoto, T., HAMADA, J., Wada, T., et al. (2003) · 日本東洋醫學雜誌 · doi:10.3937/kampomed.54.939 · Cited by 4
Impact of Loading and Rest Intervals on Muscle Microtrauma
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Ueda, H., Saegusa, R., Tsuchiya, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1140359 · Cited by 4
“(Clarkson et al., 1992; Morgan and Allen, 1999; Chen et al., 2007; Ochi et al., 2016; Tsuchiya et al., 2019).”
Bueno, A. H. F., de Oliveira, N. M., Matias, C. N., Guariglia, D. A., Guerra‐Júnior, G., & Gonçalves, E. M. (2024) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12167 · Cited by 4
“Considering training control and prescription, the status of fatigue and muscle damage decreases strength and performance during exercise (Clarkson et al., 1992).”
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Eccentric Exercise Causes Specific Adjustment in Pyruvate Oxidation by Mitochondria
Hody, S., Warren, B., Votion, D., Rogister, B., & Lemieux, H. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002920 · Cited by 3
Eccentric Exercise, Muscle Damage and Oxidative Stress
Athanasios, Z., & Ioannis, G. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/28588 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- CLARKSON, P. M., NOSAKA, K., & BRAUN, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1992-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 512???520
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093625864
- Cited by
- 970
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 13.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- exercise-induced muscle damage, eccentric exercise, forearm flexor muscles, muscle soreness, muscle swelling, maximal strength, creatine kinase, muscle shortening, recovery time course, neuromuscular factors
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Creatine Kinase, Humans, Movement, Muscle Contraction, Muscles, Tensile Strength, Time Factors, Exercise
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