Aerobic Exercise and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Brain Research
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PURPOSE: As adjuvant therapy for enhancing the effects of stimulants and thereby minimizing medication doses, we hypothesized that aerobic exercise might be an effective adjunctive therapy for enhancing the effects of methylphenidate on the clinical symptoms, cognitive function, and brain activity of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Thirty-five adolescents with ADHD were randomly assigned to one of two groups in a 1/1 ratio; methylphenidate treatment + 6-wk exercise (sports-ADHD) or methylphenidate treatment + 6-wk education (edu-ADHD). At baseline and after 6 wk of treatment, symptoms of ADHD, cognitive function, and brain activity were evaluated using the Dupaul attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rating scale--Korean version (K-ARS), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. RESULTS: The K-ARS total score and perseverative errors in the sports-ADHD group decreased compared with those in the edu-ADHD group. After the 6-wk treatment period, the mean β value of the right frontal lobe in the sports-ADHD group increased compared with that in the edu-ADHD group. The mean β value of the right temporal lobe in the sports-ADHD group decreased. However, the mean β value of the right temporal lobe in the edu-ADHD group did not change. The change in activity within the right prefrontal cortex in all adolescents with ADHD was negatively correlated with the change in K-ARS scores and perseverative errors. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicate that aerobic exercise increased the effectiveness of methylphenidate on clinical symptoms, perseverative errors, and brain activity within the right frontal and temporal cortices in response to the Wisconsin card sorting test stimulation.
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ADHD studies generally report positive findings of the effects of exercise interventions on aspects of EF, but the efficacy remains unclear.
“Despite conflicting findings, ADHD studies generally report positive findings of the effects of exercise interventions on aspects of EF (e.g., Choi et al. 2015;Pontifex et al. 2013) but the efficacy remains unclear.”
From A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of physical exercise interventions on cognition in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD (2016) · cites this paper as Choi et al. 2015
Four out of the 16 ADHD articles did not report the results of any non-significant findings.
“One possible explanation is the issue of reporting bias; 4 out of the 16 ADHD articles did not report the results of any non-significant findings (i.e., Choi et al. 2015;Gawrilow et al. 2016;Pontifex et al. 2013;Ziereis and Jansen 2015).”
From A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of physical exercise interventions on cognition in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD (2016) · cites this paper as Choi et al. 2015
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- Authors
- CHOI, J. W., HAN, D. H., KANG, K. D., JUNG, H. Y., & RENSHAW, P. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- Chung-Ang University Hospital (KR)
- Chung-Ang University (KR)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-39
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5504911
- OpenAlex
- W2083003378
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA031247)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- aerobic exercise, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, methylphenidate, adjunctive therapy, adolescents, cognitive function, perseverative errors, prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe, brain activity, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cognition, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Methylphenidate, Neuropsychological Tests, Patient Education as Topic, Temporal Lobe, Exercise, Prefrontal Cortex
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