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Cited by 150Children's Physical and Motor DevelopmentPhysical Activity and HealthObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

Physical Activity and Skills Intervention: SCORES Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

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COHEN, KRISTEN E., MORGAN, PHILIP J., PLOTNIKOFF, RONALD C., CALLISTER, ROBIN, LUBANS, DAVID R.·2015·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1249/mss.0000000000000452
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Abstract

PURPOSE: Physical activity (PA) declines dramatically during adolescence, and activity levels are consistently lower among children living in low-income communities. Competency in a range of fundamental movement skills (FMS) may serve as a protective factor against the decline in PA typically observed during adolescence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 12-month multicomponent PA and FMS intervention on children attending primary schools in low-income communities. METHODS: The Supporting Children's Outcomes using Rewards, Exercise, and Skills intervention was evaluated using a cluster randomized controlled trial. The sample included 25 classes from eight primary schools located in low-income communities. Participants were 460 children (54.1% girls) age 8.5 ± 0.6 yr. Primary outcomes were objectively measured PA (ActiGraph GT3X and GT3X+ accelerometers), FMS competency (Test of Gross Motor Development 2, six locomotor and six object control skills), and cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m multistage fitness test) assessed at baseline, midprogram (6-months), and at posttest (12 months). Linear mixed models, adjusted for sex, age, body mass index z-score, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and school class as a random factor, were used to assess the effect of the intervention. RESULTS: At midprogram, there were no significant intervention effects for any of the outcomes. At posttest (study's primary time point), there were intervention effects for daily moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (adjusted mean difference, 12.7 min·d of MVPA; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5.0-20.5), overall FMS competency (4.9 units; 95% CI, -0.04 to 9.8), and cardiorespiratory fitness (5.4 laps; 95% CI, 2.3-8.6). CONCLUSIONS: A school-based multicomponent PA and FMS intervention maintained daily MVPA, improved overall FMS competency, and increased cardiorespiratory fitness among children attending primary schools in low-income communities.

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  • The SAAFE principles were originally designed to promote a psychologically supportive environment, foster a mastery climate and enhance young people's autonomous motivation in the SCORES primary school physical activity intervention.

    “The SAAFE principles were originally designed to promote a psychologically supportive environment, foster a mastery climate and enhance young people’s autonomous motivation in the Supporting Children’s Outcomes using Rewards, Exercise and Skills (SCORES) primary school physical activity intervention [51, 52].”

    From Framework for the design and delivery of organized physical activity sessions for children and adolescents: rationale and description of the ‘SAAFE’ teaching principles (2017) · cites this paper as [51]

    Paragraph 27 says the SCORES intervention used mastery-climate approaches and discusses autonomy in student-centred teaching. The Intervention section identifies SCORES as a primary-school programme. Neither passage identifies SAAFE principles or says they were originally designed for SCORES to create a psychologically supportive environment or enhance autonomous motivation. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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  • The SCORES intervention had positive effects on students' physical activity levels, cardiorespiratory fitness and fundamental movement skills.

    “Our efficacy study showed the SCORES intervention had positive effects on students’ physical activity levels, cardiorespiratory fitness and fundamental movement skills [51].”

    From Framework for the design and delivery of organized physical activity sessions for children and adolescents: rationale and description of the ‘SAAFE’ teaching principles (2017) · cites this paper as [51]

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Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. [17]17. Gallahue DL, Ozmun JC. Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults. 6th ed. Boston; United States: McGraw-Hill; 2006, 512 p.
  2. [20]20. Hardy LL, King L, Espinel P, Cosgrove C, Bauman A. NSW Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey (SPANS) 2010: Full Report. In. Sydney: NSW Ministry of Health; 2010, pp. 1-387.
  3. [24]24. Leger L, Lambert JA. A maximal multistage 20 m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1982;49:1-12.
  4. [34]34. Murray DM. Design and analysis of group-randomized trials. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 1-467.
  5. [39]39. Scruggs PW. Pedometer steps/min in physical education: Does the pedometer matter? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2013;16(1):36-9.
  6. [42]42. Ulrich DA. Test of Gross Motor Development Examiner's Manual. 2nd edition. Austin, Texas: Pro.Ed; 2000, 60 p.

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Authors
COHEN, K. E., MORGAN, P. J., PLOTNIKOFF, R. C., CALLISTER, R., & LUBANS, D. R.
Affiliations
University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2015-04
Volume
47
Issue
4
Pages
765-774
ISSN
0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1249/mss.0000000000000452
OpenAlex
W2019981203
Cited by
150
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2
FWCI
28.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Hunter Medical Research Institute
  • Medical Research Council
  • National Health and Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords
physical activity, basic motor skills, multicomponent intervention, low-income communities, elementary school students, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, school-based intervention, childhood obesity prevention, locomotor skills, object control skills
MeSH terms
Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Child, Health Promotion, Humans, Motor Activity, Physical Fitness, Poverty, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena, Reward, Schools, Exercise, Accelerometry

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