Effect of school based physical activity programme (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in primary schoolchildren: cluster randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a school based physical activity programme during one school year on physical and psychological health in young schoolchildren. DESIGN: Cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING: 28 classes from 15 elementary schools in Switzerland randomly selected and assigned in a 4:3 ratio to an intervention (n=16) or control arm (n=12) after stratification for grade (first and fifth grade), from August 2005 to June 2006. PARTICIPANTS: 540 children, of whom 502 consented and presented at baseline. INTERVENTION: Children in the intervention arm (n=297) received a multi-component physical activity programme that included structuring the three existing physical education lessons each week and adding two additional lessons a week, daily short activity breaks, and physical activity homework. Children (n=205) and parents in the control group were not informed of an intervention group. For most outcome measures, the assessors were blinded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome measures included body fat (sum of four skinfolds), aerobic fitness (shuttle run test), physical activity (accelerometry), and quality of life (questionnaires). Secondary outcome measures included body mass index and cardiovascular risk score (average z score of waist circumference, mean blood pressure, blood glucose, inverted high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides). RESULTS: 498 children completed the baseline and follow-up assessments (mean age 6.9 (SD 0.3) years for first grade, 11.1 (0.5) years for fifth grade). After adjustment for grade, sex, baseline values, and clustering within classes, children in the intervention arm compared with controls showed more negative changes in the z score of the sum of four skinfolds (-0.12, 95 % confidence interval -0.21 to -0.03; P=0.009). Likewise, their z scores for aerobic fitness increased more favourably (0.17, 0.01 to 0.32; P=0.04), as did those for moderate-vigorous physical activity in school (1.19, 0.78 to 1.60; P<0.001), all day moderate-vigorous physical activity (0.44, 0.05 to 0.82; P=0.03), and total physical activity in school (0.92, 0.35 to 1.50; P=0.003). Z scores for overall daily physical activity (0.21, -0.21 to 0.63) and physical quality of life (0.42, -1.23 to 2.06) as well as psychological quality of life (0.59, -0.85 to 2.03) did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: A school based multi-component physical activity intervention including compulsory elements improved physical activity and fitness and reduced adiposity in children. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN15360785.
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A number of studies combined aspects of the TEO in a multicomponent approach.
“A number of studies combined aspects of the TEO in a multicomponent approach.64, 91, 99”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [64]
For Kriemler 2010, the review judged incomplete outcome data as low risk because the intention-to-treat principle was employed.
“Low risk Comment: intention-to-treat principle employed”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
For Kriemler 2010, the review judged confounders as controlled (low risk) because relevant confounders were taken into account.
“Low risk Comment: relevant confounders taken into account”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
For Kriemler 2010, the review judged random sequence generation as low risk because randomization used a random numbers table.
“Low risk Comment: randomized using a random numbers table”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
For Kriemler 2010, the review judged allocation concealment as low risk because the criterion was not applicable: all participants were allocated at one point in time following recruitment, so allocation was not known at recruitment.
“Low risk Comment: criterion not applicable because all participants were allocated at 1 point in time following recruitment, so at time of recruitment allocation was not known”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
For Kriemler 2010, the review judged blinding as high risk because only part of the researchers were blinded to group allocation due to the immense personnel used for assessments, and blinding was not fully implemented.
“High risk Quote:”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
For Kriemler 2010, the review judged selective reporting as low risk because all outcomes identified a priori were reported on.
“Low risk Comment: all outcomes identified a priori were reported on”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
For Kriemler 2010, the review judged data collection methods as low risk because data collection tools were reported to be valid and reliable.
“Low risk Comment: data collection tools reported to be valid and reliable”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
In Kriemler 2010, systolic blood pressure at the end of the intervention did not differ significantly between intervention and control groups (101 vs 102 mmHg; P = 0.88; mean difference 0, 95% CI -0.3 to 0.2).
“Kriemler 2010 End of intervention 502 boys and girls 101 102 P = 0.88 0 (95% CI -0.3 to 0.2)”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
Another more recent 1-year multicomponent school-based physical activity intervention found improvements in accelerometer-assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity as well as in body composition.
“Another more recent 1-year multicomponent school-based physical activity intervention found improvements in accelerometer-assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity as well as in body composition.257”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [257]
In controlled trials, multicomponent interventions focused on improving physical education in schools often increase the amount and/or intensity of physical activity during school hours.
“In controlled trials, such multicomponent interventions often increase the amount and/or intensity of physical activity during school hours.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [257]
More recent multicomponent school-based PE/physical activity interventions in Europe demonstrated improvements over 1 academic year in aerobic fitness, skin-fold thickness, and/or BMI z score overall or in certain subgroups.
“More recent multicomponent school-based PE/physical activity interventions in Europe demonstrated improvements over 1 academic year in aerobic fitness, skin-fold thickness, and/or BMI z score overall or in certain subgroups.257,261”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [257]
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- Authors
- Kriemler, S., Zahner, L., Schindler, C., Meyer, U., Hartmann, T., Hebestreit, H., Brunner-La Rocca, H. P., van Mechelen, W., & Puder, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (CH)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg (DE)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Kriemler, S.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2010-02-23
- Volume
- 340
- Issue
- feb23 1
- Pages
- c785-c785
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2827713
- OpenAlex
- W1990388280
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 29.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Universität Basel
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (114401)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007462/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Keywords
- elementary school students, physical education, adiposity, fat mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, quality of life, cardiovascular risk, blood pressure, blood glucose, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, active breaks, childhood obesity prevention, Switzerland, Lausanne
- MeSH terms
- Child, Exercise Therapy, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Obesity, Physical Fitness, School Health Services, Cluster Analysis, Treatment Outcome, Adiposity
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