The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exercise Alters Gut Microbiota Composition and Function in Lean and Obese Humans
Abstract
PURPOSE: Exercise is associated with altered gut microbial composition, but studies have not investigated whether the gut microbiota and associated metabolites are modulated by exercise training in humans. We explored the impact of 6 wk of endurance exercise on the composition, functional capacity, and metabolic output of the gut microbiota in lean and obese adults with multiple-day dietary controls before outcome variable collection. METHODS: Thirty-two lean (n = 18 [9 female]) and obese (n = 14 [11 female]), previously sedentary subjects participated in 6 wk of supervised, endurance-based exercise training (3 d·wk) that progressed from 30 to 60 min·d and from moderate (60% of HR reserve) to vigorous intensity (75% HR reserve). Subsequently, participants returned to a sedentary lifestyle activity for a 6-wk washout period. Fecal samples were collected before and after 6 wk of exercise, as well as after the sedentary washout period, with 3-d dietary controls in place before each collection. RESULTS: β-diversity analysis revealed that exercise-induced alterations of the gut microbiota were dependent on obesity status. Exercise increased fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in lean, but not obese, participants. Exercise-induced shifts in metabolic output of the microbiota paralleled changes in bacterial genes and taxa capable of short-chain fatty acid production. Lastly, exercise-induced changes in the microbiota were largely reversed once exercise training ceased. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that exercise training induces compositional and functional changes in the human gut microbiota that are dependent on obesity status, independent of diet and contingent on the sustainment of exercise.
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“To date, one study showed that exercise induced compositional changes in the human gut microbiota that were more pronounced in lean than in obese (Allen et al., 2017).”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“The authors concluded that the shifts were dependent on the obesity status and were reversed after cessation of the training.”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“It was recently demonstrated by targeted gene amplification, not metagenomics, that in addition to the influence on the gut microbiota composition, exercise training increased the gene encoding butyrate forming Butyryl CoA: Acetate CoA transferase (Allen et al., 2017)”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“while in a human study it increased after cessation of the training and not in response to exercise (Allen et al., 2017).”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“But interestingly, contradictory findings from the human exercise interventions have been recently presented (Allen et al., 2017; Cronin et al., 2018).”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, similar to our results, Allen and co-workers reported compositional and β-diversity changes of the microbiota in response to six-weeks endurance training that resembled the intervention of our study (Allen et al., 2017).”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Notably, the study also found that a return to sedentary lifestyle for 6 weeks reversed changes in the gut microbiota observed after exercise training, again indicating the sensitivity of the gut microbiome to physical activity.”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [113]
In the citing paper
“Exercise training is a well-known modulator of gut microbiota composition, improving biodiversity and representation of taxa with purported health-promoting significance [26,131].”
From Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia (2019) · cites this paper as [131]
In the citing paper
“After the washout period, exercise-induced changes in the microbiota were largely reversed once exercise training ceased.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“In a longitudinal research design, Allen et al. [98] reported for the first time that exercise training can modulate the composition and metabolic capacity of the human gut microbiota in previously sedentary individuals.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“Exercise-induced modulations of the gut microbiota and SCFA were strongly associated with changes in body composition in lean participants and VO2max in obese participants, independent of diet.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“Of note, the exercise induced shifts in SCFA-producing taxa (Faecalibacterium species [spp.] and Lachnospira spp.) and genetic machinery (butyrate-regulating gene, BCoAT) were more substantial in lean versus obese participants.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“Once these participants ceased training, exercise-induced changes in the microbiota were largely reversed when re-measured after a 6-week sedentary period109.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“In humans, chronic exercise altered the gut microbiome to increase availability of short chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate109.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [109]
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“…al. 2022). as the ScFa-producing bacteria, the relative abundances of Rikenellaceae and clostridials were positively related to faecal ScFa levels (allen et al. 2018, Wang et al. 2020, Matsushita et al. 2021). especially, the Rikenellaceae_Rc9_gut_group was associated with the concentrations…”
Cataloging metagenome-assembled genomes and microbial genes from the athlete gut microbiome
Wosinska, L., Walsh, L. H., Walsh, C. J., Cotter, P. D., Guinane, C. M., & O’Sullivan, Ó. (2024) · Microbiome Research Reports · doi:10.20517/mrr.2023.69 · Cited by 4
The Microbiota in Cancer: A Secondary Player or a Protagonist?
García, A. M. G., Lopez-Munoz, F. J., & García‐Rico, E. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46080463 · Cited by 5
Potential of Probiotics as an Adjunct for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Cang, W., Wu, J., Ding, R., Wang, W., Li, N., Shi, H., Shi, L. S., Lee, Y. K., & Wu, R. (2022) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202101057 · Cited by 5
Gut Microbiome in the Elderly Hospitalized Patient
Ticinesi, A., Milani, C., Lauretani, F., Nouvenne, A., Tana, C., Ventura, M., & Meschi, T. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815249-2.00030-0 · Cited by 3
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Physical Activity and Gallstone Disease
Григорьева, И. Н., Нотова, Т. Е., & Романова, Т. И. (2023) · Russian Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology Coloproctology · doi:10.22416/1382-4376-2023-33-1-7-14 · Cited by 3
The Universal Endurance Microbiome?Preprint
Olbricht, H., Twadell, K., Sandel, B., Stephens, C. M., & Whittall, J. B. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500882 · Cited by 3
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“It is noteworthy that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , the abundance of which has previously been positively associated with exercise levels 7,13,28 , was found in all samples in the present study, but did not vary with fitness levels or training volume, perhaps because the participants in this study…”
Hudson, A. S. R., Lisboa, A. M. T., Andrade, P. V. R., Bruzzi, R. S., Martins, Y. A. T., Soares, D. D., Martins, F. S., & Wanner, S. P. (2025) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/1414-431x2025e14196 · Cited by 3
Chalitsios, C. V., Markozannes, G., Aglago, E. K., Berndt, S. I., Buchanan, D. D., Campbell, P. T., Cao, Y., Chan, A. T., Dimou, N. L., Drew, D. A., et al. (2025) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkaf095 · Cited by 2
“14,15 CRC is one of the most common cancers and is responsible for a large burden of cancer death.”
Yasuda, T., Takagi, T., Naito, Y., Inoue, R., Mizushima, K., Asaeda, K., Hashimoto, H., Kitae, H., Uchiyama, K., Ouchi, N., et al. (2025) · Gut Microbes Reports · doi:10.1080/29933935.2025.2591561 · Cited by 3
“38 The type of dietary intake that helps to prevent sarcopenia remains a key consideration.”
Consensus guidelines for patient and carer education on neutropenic fever
Jessop, S., Harding, E. L., Beaumont, S., Hickman, J., Joyce, T., Chee, L. C. Y., Fernando, S. S., Vasilunas, N., Luen, S. J., Boan, P., et al. (2025) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.70252 · Cited by 2
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“Particularly, moderate- to-intense endurance exercise has been shown to alter gut microbiota according to BMI status in young adults [15].”
Effect of bedrest on the human gut and oral microbiome: implications for frailty
Alvaro-Fuss, M., DeClercq, V., Blodgett, J. M., Theou, O., Langille, M. G. I., & Beiko, R. G. (2026) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2026.113079 · Cited by 5
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Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Ramos‐Campo, D. J., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Martín-Rodríguez, A., Sepulveda, R. A. Y., & López-Gil, J. F. (2026) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121261462838 · Cited by 3
“8 Exercise-induced shifts in microbial composition are associated with increased levels of beneficial taxa, for instance, in an experimental animal model, Faecalibacterium and Akkermansia, and elevated production of short-chain fatty acids, both of which play a role in immune modulation and…”
Quorum Sensing Peptides and Their Interactions with the Host
Wynendaele, E., Debunne, N., Verbeke, F., Janssens, Y., Spiegeleer, A. D., & Spiegeleer, B. M. J. D. (2020) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2020-1374.ch009 · Cited by 2
Aliabadi, M., Saghebjoo, M., Yakhchali, B., & Shariati, V. (2023) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2023-0071 · Cited by 3
Noh, H., Anota, A., Mongondry, R., Meyrand, R., Dupuis, C., Schiffler, C., Marijnen, P., Rinaldi, S., Lachuer, J., Keski‐Rahkonen, P., et al. (2024) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-024-11824-7 · Cited by 2
“A few prospective and randomized controlled trials [92, 93] with short-term (6 ~ 8 weeks) exercise programs in previously sedentary adults with higher BMI also demonstrated increased bacterial diversity and relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria after the intervention.”
BackgroundMorita, E., Ando, S., Fukuyama, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Kumabe, S., & Yamashina, Y. (2024) · BioSocial Health Journal. · doi:10.34172/bshj.36 · Cited by 2
“…with BMI < 25 kg/m 2 increased SCFA concentration, with the contribution of the SCFA-producing bacteria, Faecalibacterium spp. and Lachnospira spp 27 ; moreover, in active older individuals with insomnia, the concentration of SCFA in feces was found to be low, with a negative relationship…”
Chirino, T. Y. W., Joisten, N., Zimmer, P., & Proschinger, S. (2024) · Translational Exercise Biomedicine · doi:10.1515/teb-2024-0037 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, the functional abundance of microorganisms is highly modi fi ed by lifestyle changes including exercise both in mice [75] and previously sedentary humans [78].”
Joisten, N., Reuter, M., Rosenberger, F., Venhorst, A., Kupjetz, M., Walzik, D., Schenk, A., McCann, A., Ueland, P. M., Meyer, T., et al. (2025) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.70041 · Cited by 2
“Exercise training has been described to alter gut microbiota in mice 31 and humans, 32,33 and tryptophan metabolism is regulated by gut microbiota.”
Zhang, Z., & Huang, W. M. (2025) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s543841 · Cited by 3
“40,41 These microbial changes correlate with improved metabolic parameters, reduced inflammatory markers, and enhanced intestinal barrier function.”
InfluentialA systematic review and meta-analysis of probiotic consumption and metabolic status of athletes
As’habi, A., Nazari, M., Hajianfar, H., Arab, A., & Faghfoori, Z. (2020) · International Journal of Food Properties · doi:10.1080/10942912.2020.1772286 · Cited by 2
What Is the Microbiome? A Description of a Social Network
van Praagh, J. B., & Havenga, K. (2023) · Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1760863 · Cited by 2
ROSENBERG, E. B. (2021) · The microbiomes of humans, animals, plants, and the environment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65317-0_3 · Cited by 2
The Interaction between Dietary Components, Gut Microbiome, and Endurance Performance
Sharma, B. R., & Veeranna, R. P. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97846 · Cited by 2
Wood, A., Glynn, T. K., & Cahalin, L. P. (2022) · Journal of Womenʼs Health Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/jwh.0000000000000249 · Cited by 2
Microbiome in Lean Individuals: Phenotype-Specific Risks and Outcomes
Golubnitschaja, O., & Bubnov, R. V. (2023) · Advances in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19564-8_4 · Cited by 2
Microbiota intestinale ed esercizio fisico: nuova possibile area di intervento?
Cella, V., Migliaccio, S., & Paoli, A. (2020) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-020-00777-1 · Cited by 2
Exercise and the Brain–Gut Axis
Godinho, D. B., Fighera, M. R., & Royes, L. F. F. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99971-7.00019-9 · Cited by 1
Microbial Partners In Disease: Understanding The Role Of Gut Microbiota In Diabetes
NUNES, T. C. C., Santos, F. C., LIRIO, L. R., COSSARI, J. F., RODRIGUES, Y. B., BERALDO, A., SILVA, A. P. F., SILVA, S. S., CADAMURO, M. P. D. R., Duran, A., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Health Science · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1594272419033 · Cited by 2
The Effect of Various Types of Exercise on Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review
Rabiee, M., & Mousavi, M. S. (2024) · International journal of Sport Studies for Health · doi:10.61838/kman.intjssh.7.2.3 · Cited by 1
Mediation effect of gut microbiota on the relationship between physical activity and carotid plaque
Ouyang, W., Tang, B., He, Y., Wu, H., Yang, P., Yin, L., Li, X., Li, Y., & Huang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1432008 · Cited by 1
Sim, D.-H., Lee, D.-H., Lee, J., & Hong, K. (2024) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2024.00577 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- ALLEN, J. M., MAILING, L. J., NIEMIRO, G. M., MOORE, R., COOK, M. D., WHITE, B. A., HOLSCHER, H. D., & WOODS, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 747-757
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2770212191
- Semantic Scholar
- 174d28f947e411c5265cc65ec9ba4d74f60b5bc0
- Cited by
- 820
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 121 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 30
- FWCI
- 18.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- exercise training, gut microbiota, obesity, endurance exercise, short-chain fatty acids, fecal microbiota, beta diversity, sedentary lifestyle
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Bacteria, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Obesity, Oxygen Consumption, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Young Adult, Sedentary Behavior
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