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Exercise Alters Gut Microbiota Composition and Function in Lean and Obese Humans
Abstract
PURPOSE: Exercise is associated with altered gut microbial composition, but studies have not investigated whether the gut microbiota and associated metabolites are modulated by exercise training in humans. We explored the impact of 6 wk of endurance exercise on the composition, functional capacity, and metabolic output of the gut microbiota in lean and obese adults with multiple-day dietary controls before outcome variable collection. METHODS: Thirty-two lean (n = 18 [9 female]) and obese (n = 14 [11 female]), previously sedentary subjects participated in 6 wk of supervised, endurance-based exercise training (3 d·wk) that progressed from 30 to 60 min·d and from moderate (60% of HR reserve) to vigorous intensity (75% HR reserve). Subsequently, participants returned to a sedentary lifestyle activity for a 6-wk washout period. Fecal samples were collected before and after 6 wk of exercise, as well as after the sedentary washout period, with 3-d dietary controls in place before each collection. RESULTS: β-diversity analysis revealed that exercise-induced alterations of the gut microbiota were dependent on obesity status. Exercise increased fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in lean, but not obese, participants. Exercise-induced shifts in metabolic output of the microbiota paralleled changes in bacterial genes and taxa capable of short-chain fatty acid production. Lastly, exercise-induced changes in the microbiota were largely reversed once exercise training ceased. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that exercise training induces compositional and functional changes in the human gut microbiota that are dependent on obesity status, independent of diet and contingent on the sustainment of exercise.
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“To date, one study showed that exercise induced compositional changes in the human gut microbiota that were more pronounced in lean than in obese (Allen et al., 2017).”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“The authors concluded that the shifts were dependent on the obesity status and were reversed after cessation of the training.”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“It was recently demonstrated by targeted gene amplification, not metagenomics, that in addition to the influence on the gut microbiota composition, exercise training increased the gene encoding butyrate forming Butyryl CoA: Acetate CoA transferase (Allen et al., 2017)”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“while in a human study it increased after cessation of the training and not in response to exercise (Allen et al., 2017).”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“But interestingly, contradictory findings from the human exercise interventions have been recently presented (Allen et al., 2017; Cronin et al., 2018).”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, similar to our results, Allen and co-workers reported compositional and β-diversity changes of the microbiota in response to six-weeks endurance training that resembled the intervention of our study (Allen et al., 2017).”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Notably, the study also found that a return to sedentary lifestyle for 6 weeks reversed changes in the gut microbiota observed after exercise training, again indicating the sensitivity of the gut microbiome to physical activity.”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [113]
In the citing paper
“Exercise training is a well-known modulator of gut microbiota composition, improving biodiversity and representation of taxa with purported health-promoting significance [26,131].”
From Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia (2019) · cites this paper as [131]
In the citing paper
“After the washout period, exercise-induced changes in the microbiota were largely reversed once exercise training ceased.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“In a longitudinal research design, Allen et al. [98] reported for the first time that exercise training can modulate the composition and metabolic capacity of the human gut microbiota in previously sedentary individuals.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“Exercise-induced modulations of the gut microbiota and SCFA were strongly associated with changes in body composition in lean participants and VO2max in obese participants, independent of diet.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“Of note, the exercise induced shifts in SCFA-producing taxa (Faecalibacterium species [spp.] and Lachnospira spp.) and genetic machinery (butyrate-regulating gene, BCoAT) were more substantial in lean versus obese participants.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“Once these participants ceased training, exercise-induced changes in the microbiota were largely reversed when re-measured after a 6-week sedentary period109.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“In humans, chronic exercise altered the gut microbiome to increase availability of short chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate109.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [109]
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“Indeed, 2 exercise studies found alterations in β- diversity of the gut microbiota (33,34).”
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“This is in contrast to previous findings where regular exercise and sustained levels of increased physical activity have been shown to enhance microbial diversity independent of diet [16,17,56].”
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“The identification of GPR41 receptors in the superior cervical ganglion suggests that GPR41 could be a candidate for an autonomic nervous system sensing of SCFAs originating from dietary fibres having a down-stream effect on metabolism through nutrient sensing.”
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“Although it is clearly noted that these early-stage clinical experiments are not directly translatable to the responses that would be identified through post-exercise tissue damage, the emerging evidence that SCFAs have a concerted effect on stressinduced tissue damage provides a promising set of evidence to investiga…”
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Diet-Related Changes of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Blood and Feces in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
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“Exercise increased fSCFA in lean but not obese subjects [142], behavioral weight loss and metformin treatment increased bAc, and metformin also increased bBu [64].”
BackgroundDysbiosis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Cause or Treatment Opportunity?
Janeiro, M. H., Ramírez, M. J., & Solas, M. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-020-01024-9 · Cited by 51
Pohl, A., Schünemann, F., Bersiner, K., & Gehlert, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113884 · Cited by 67
Rodriguez, J., Neyrinck, A. M., Kerckhoven, M. V., Gianfrancesco, M. A., Renguet, E., Bertrand, L., Cani, P. D., Lanthier, N., Cnop, M., Paquot, N., et al. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02299-z · Cited by 55
An exercise intervention alters stool microbiota and metabolites among older, sedentary adults
Erlandson, K. M., Liu, J., Johnson, R. L., Dillon, S. M., Jankowski, C. M., Kroehl, M., Robertson, C. E., Frank, D. N., Tunçil, Y. E., HIGGINS, J. A., et al. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease · doi:10.1177/20499361211027067 · Cited by 53
Cataldi, S., Poli, L., Şahin, F. N., Patti, A., Santacroce, L., Bianco, A., Greco, G., Ghinassi, B., Baldassarre, A. D., & Fischetti, F. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14163293 · Cited by 58
“[31], is capable of modestly impacting the GM framework.”
BackgroundInfluentialGut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a PREDIMED-Plus trial sub analysis
Gómez‐Pérez, A. M., Ruiz‐Limón, P., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Vioqué, J., Corella, D., Fitó, M., Vidal, J., Atzeni, A., Collado, L. T., Álvarez‐Sala, A., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2223339 · Cited by 55
Sánchez-Macarro, M., Ávila-Gandía, V., Pérez-Piñero, S., Cánovas, F., García‐Muñoz, A. M., Abellán-Ruiz, M. S., Victoria‐Montesinos, D., Luque-Rubia, A. J., Climent, E., Genovés, S., et al. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10020323 · Cited by 50
Cella, V., Bimonte, V. M., Sabato, C., Paoli, A., Baldari, C., Campanella, M., Lenzi, A., Ferretti, E., & Migliaccio, S. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10123075 · Cited by 49
“Specifically, the gut microbiome produces SCFAs from dietary fiber fermentation, and increased levels of these fecal metabolites have been detected in response to physical activity [16,144].”
BackgroundIntensive, prolonged exercise seemingly causes gut dysbiosis in female endurance runners
Morishima, S., Aoi, W., Kawamura, A., Kawase, T., Takagi, T., Naito, Y., Tsukahara, T., & Inoüe, R. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.20-131 · Cited by 55
Zou, Y., Yan, H., Li, C., Wen, F., JiZe, X.-P., Zhang, C., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Fu, Y., Li, L., et al. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12091781 · Cited by 47
“Growing shreds of evidence have indicated the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota community have a close relationship with the aging process [47,48].”
Mavropalias, G., Sim, M., Taaffe, D. R., Galvao, D. A., Spry, N. A., Kraemer, W. J., Häkkinen, K., & Newton, R. U. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-022-03927-0 · Cited by 50
“In another study, 6 weeks (3 week−1) of LICET in sedentary women improved gut microbiota composition and function regardless of diet, but those benefits were lost once exercise ceased (Allen et al. 2018).”
BackgroundErickson, M. L., Allen, J. M., Beavers, D. P., Collins, L. M., Davidson, K. W., Erickson, K. I., Esser, K. A., Hesselink, M. K. C., Moreau, K. L., Laber, E. B., et al. (2023) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00668-3 · Cited by 47
“Meanwhile, other studies have shown that obese individuals exhibit blunted shifts in fecal SCFA compared to their lean counterparts in response to a 6-week aerobic exercise training intervention [96].”
Self-citationDiverticular Disease: a Gut Microbiota Perspective
Ticinesi, A., Nouvenne, A., Corrente, V., Tana, C., Mario, F. D., & Meschi, T. (2019) · Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases · doi:10.15403/jgld-277 · Cited by 48
“These favorable changes seem to be independent of diet and body composition [82], and professional athletes generally exhibit a different microbiome functionality than sedentary individuals [83].”
BackgroundMoitinho‐Silva, L., Wegener, M., May, S., Schrinner, F., Akhtar, A., Boysen, T. J., Schaeffer, E., Hansen, C., Schmidt, T., Rühlemann, M. C., et al. (2021) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-021-02214-1 · Cited by 49
Update on the gut microbiome in health and diseases
Salvadori, M., & Rosso, G. (2024) · World Journal of Methodology · doi:10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89196 · Cited by 52
“Exercise is associated with a beneficial effect on gut microbiome composition, as documented by Hughes et al [14] and Mailing et al [15].”
Guo, B., Liu, B., Wei, H., Cheng, K., & Chen, F. (2018) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201800808 · Cited by 45
Cheatham, C. L., Nieman, D. C., Neilson, A. P., & Lila, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.833202 · Cited by 45
Hashim, H. M., & Makpol, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.1007166 · Cited by 47
Sánchez‐Tapia, M., Hernández-Velázquez, I., Pichardo‐Ontiveros, E., Granados‐Portillo, O., Mariscal, A. G., Tovar, A. R., & Torres, N. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041182 · Cited by 48
“A possible explanation for these findings could be the changes in gut microbiota, mainly in butyrate-producing bacteria, as has been described [14,15].”
BackgroundResende, A. D. S., Leite, G. S., & Lancha, A. H. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082839 · Cited by 44
“Furthermore, each study demonstrated different results, which were strongly dependent on other variables, such as BMI status [24,26], age range [23] and diet [25].”
BackgroundResultConnecting the Dots Between the Gut–IGF-1–Prostate Axis: A Role of IGF-1 in Prostate Carcinogenesis
Matsushita, M., Fujita, K., Hatano, K., Velasco, M. A. D., Uemura, H., & Nonomura, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.852382 · Cited by 45
Attributes of Physical Activity and Gut Microbiome in Adults: A Systematic Review
Tzemah-Shahar, R., Koren, O., Greenfeld, S. M., Shochat, T., Magzal, F., & Agmon, M. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1157-9257 · Cited by 43
“one study reported chao1 diversity index [20]; three studies reported Shannon diversity index [21, 23, 24] and one study provided no additional details on the α-diversity measure used [22].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHuang, J., Liao, J., Yang, F., Deng, H., Yin, H., Shen, B. Q., & Hu, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.569085 · Cited by 44
Chrono-exercise: Time-of-day-dependent physiological responses to exercise
Kim, H., Radak, Z. O., Takahashi, M., Inami, T., & Shibata, S. (2022) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2022.11.003 · Cited by 46
Dreher, S. I., Irmler, M., Pivovarova‐Ramich, O., Kessler, K., Jürchott, K., Sticht, C., Fritsche, L., Schneeweiß, P., Machann, J., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-023-01271-y · Cited by 43
“While body composition does not seem to impact anabolic response to exercise and muscle protein synthesis [57], it was previously suggested to have individual effects on training-induced compositional and functional changes of the human gut microbiota [58], amplitude of non-adrenergically and adrenergically mediated l…”
BackgroundAya, V., Jiménez, P., Muñoz, E., & Ramírez, J. D. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04066-y · Cited by 48
“Only a few results suggest a significant difference in α and β diversity indicators between subjects with high and low PAL [54, 63]; meanwhile, other results show no change in the composition of gut microbiota related to exercise regimen [60, 64].”
BackgroundResultRojas‐Valverde, D., Bonilla, D. A., Gómez-Miranda, L. M., Calleja-Núñez, J. J., Arias, N., & Martínez‐Guardado, I. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11082267 · Cited by 48
Téglás, T., Ábrahám, D., Jókai, M., Kondo, S., Mohammadi, R., Fehér, J., Szabó, D., Wilhelm, M., & Radak, Z. O. (2020) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-020-09895-7 · Cited by 43
Saketkoo, L. A., Frech, T., Varjú, C., et al. (2021) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2021.101707 · Cited by 42
Gubert, C., Love, C. J., Kodikara, S., Mei Liew, J. J., Renoir, T., Lê Cao, K.-A., & Hannan, A. J. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103687 · Cited by 41
Maillard, F., Vazeille, E., Sauvanet, P., Sirvent, P., Combaret, L., Sourdrille, A., Chavanelle, V., Bonnet, R., Otero, Y. F., Delcros, G., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214660 · Cited by 45
“In our study, the extreme amount of adipose tissue in Zucker rats could mask the changes in gut microbiota composition induced by regular exercise [23,52,53].”
BackgroundZhou, L., Xiao, X., Li, M., Zhang, Q., Yu, M., Zheng, J., & Deng, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00292 · Cited by 41
Gut microbiota and physical exercise in obesity and diabetes – A systematic review
da Silva, J. S. C., Seguro, C. S., & Naves, M. M. V. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.023 · Cited by 45
Effects of Physical Exercise on the Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Li, C., Li, J., Zhou, Q., Wang, C., Jiahui, H., & Liu, C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162657 · Cited by 54
“Exercise-induced increases in fecal SCFAs may also be increased by changes in the functional capacity of the gut microbiota to produce SCFAs [25].”
BackgroundThe gut microbiome and frailty
Piggott, D. A., & Tuddenham, S. (2020) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.012 · Cited by 43
Kraeuter, A.-K., Phillips, R., & Sarnyai, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00799 · Cited by 43
Barton, W., Cronin, O., García‐Pérez, I., Whiston, R., Holmes, E. C., Woods, T., Molloy, C. B., Molloy, M. G., Shanahan, F., Cotter, P. D., et al. (2020) · Translational Sports Medicine · doi:10.1002/tsm2.215 · Cited by 40
Fernández, J., Fernández‐Sanjurjo, M., Iglesias‐Gutiérrez, E., Martínez‐Camblor, P., Villar, C. J., Tomás‐Zapico, C., Fernández‐Garcia, B., & Lombó, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.748854 · Cited by 40
Huang, Z., Li, Y., Park, H., Ho, M., Bhardwaj, K., Sugimura, N., Lee, H. W., Meng, H., Ebert, M. P., Chao, K., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2237645 · Cited by 41
“Such a low physical activity lifestyle was found to be associated with increased risks of multiple NCDs and meanwhile alter the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiome.(33,83) A crosssectional, observational study (n = 82) characterized the gut microbiome of college students with or without moderate-to-vigoro…”
Aoi, W., Inoüe, R., Mizushima, K., Honda, A., Björnholm, M., Takagi, T., & Naito, Y. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106251 · Cited by 45
Metadata
- Authors
- ALLEN, J. M., MAILING, L. J., NIEMIRO, G. M., MOORE, R., COOK, M. D., WHITE, B. A., HOLSCHER, H. D., & WOODS, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 747-757
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2770212191
- Semantic Scholar
- 174d28f947e411c5265cc65ec9ba4d74f60b5bc0
- Cited by
- 820
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 121 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 30
- FWCI
- 18.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- exercise training, gut microbiota, obesity, endurance exercise, short-chain fatty acids, fecal microbiota, beta diversity, sedentary lifestyle
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Bacteria, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Obesity, Oxygen Consumption, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Young Adult, Sedentary Behavior
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