Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women
Open accessAbstract
Previously sedentary overweight women (n=19) underwent a six-week endurance exercise intervention, but two were excluded due to antibiotic therapy. The gut microbiota composition and functions were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenomics. Body composition was analyzed with DXA X-ray densitometer and serum metabolomics with NMR metabolomics. Total energy and energy-yielding nutrient intakes were analyzed from food records using Micro-Nutrica software. Serum clinical variables were determined with KONELAB instrument. Soluble Vascular Adhesion Protein 1 (VAP-1) was measured with ELISA and its’ enzymatic activity as produced hydrogen peroxide. The exercise intervention was effective, as maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased while android fat mass decreased. No changes in diet were observed. Metagenomic analysis revealed taxonomic shifts including an increase in Akkermansia and a decrease in Proteobacteria. These changes were independent of age, weight, fat % as well as energy and fibre intake. Training slightly increased Jaccard distance of genus level β-diversity. Training did not alter the enriched metagenomic pathways, which, according to Bray Curtis dissimilarity analysis, may have been due to that only half of the subjects’ microbiomes responded considerably to exercise. Nevertheless, training decreased the abundance of several genes including those related to fructose and amino acid metabolism. These metagenomic changes, however, were not translated into major systemic metabolic changes as only two metabolites, phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles, decreased after exercise. Training also decreased the amine oxidase activity of pro-inflammatory VAP-1, whereas no changes in CRP were detected. All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL. In conclusion, exercise training modified the gut microbiome without greatly affecting systemic metabolites or body composition. Based on our data and existing literature, we propose that especially Akkermansia and Proteobacteria are exercise-responsive taxa. Our results warrant the need for further studies in larger cohorts to determine whether exercise types other than endurance exercise also modify the gut metagenome.
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TL;DR
Six weeks of supervised endurance exercise in previously sedentary overweight women improved fitness and modestly shifted gut metagenome composition, including increased *Akkermansia* and decreased Proteobacteria, without major changes in systemic metabolism or body composition. The authors propose *Akkermansia* and Proteobacteria as exercise-responsive taxa but call for larger/longer trials.
Key findings
- Exercise was effective: VO2max increased from 29.8 ± 5.2 to 32.5 ± 5.4 ml·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹ and maximal power from 182.9 ± 36.0 to 202.6 ± 36.4 W (both p < 0.001); submaximal blood lactate decreased from 3.0 ± 0.8 to 2.3 ± 0.7 mmol·L⁻¹ (p < 0.001). Android fat mass decreased from 3.87 ± 1.42 to 3.75 ± 1.39 kg (p = 0.005), with no significant weight, BMI, total fat, or diet changes except a slight increase in starch energy percentage (20.7 ± 6.3 to 22.8 ± 3.4, p = 0.033).
- Metagenomic analysis showed increased genus-level Jaccard β-diversity (0.449 to 0.465, p = 0.014), increased Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.038), Verrucomicrobiaceae (p = 0.038), Bifidobacteriaceae (p = 0.015), *Akkermansia* (p = 0.038), *Dorea* (p = 0.028), and *Anaerofilum* (p = 0.037), and decreased Proteobacteria (p = 0.039), unidentified Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.016), *Odoribacter* (p = 0.033), unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.036). Only Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and *Akkermansia* changed independently of age, weight, fat %, android fat %, energy, sucrose, or fiber intake.
- No major KEGG pathway enrichment changes were detected; several individual genes decreased, including those related to fructose/mannose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and B-vitamin synthesis. Systemic metabolomics showed only decreased phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles (p < 0.05 for both). VAP-1 enzymatic activity decreased (p = 0.011) without change in VAP-1 protein or CRP, and TLR5 mRNA increased (p = 0.029).
Methods
- Design: six-week supervised endurance cycling intervention in previously sedentary overweight women (BMI >27.5 kg/m²), with a preceding six-week non-training control period; subjects served as their own controls. Three sessions/week progressed from 40 to 60 min, with low-intensity and moderate-intensity interval cycling.
- Sample: 19 women underwent the intervention; 2 were excluded from final analyses due to antibiotic therapy, leaving n = 17 for physical performance, body composition, and clinical variables; n = 15 for metagenome analyses after 2 additional samples clustered differently; n = 14 completed food diaries at all time points.
- Measurements/analysis: 16S rRNA gene V4 amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics; DXA for body composition; NMR metabolomics; KONELAB clinical assays; VAP-1 ELISA and amine oxidase activity; whole-blood TLR4/TLR5 qPCR. Statistics included repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction, QIIME, Microbiome Analyst, Spearman correlations, and general linear models.
Limitations
- Stated: the cohort was small and the authors state that larger and longer exercise trials are needed; only approximately half of subjects’ microbiomes responded considerably to exercise, and inter-individual variation was large; food records are prone to under-reporting and social-desirability/social-approval bias; the mechanism by which exercise regulates VAP-1 activity without changing protein concentration could not be determined.
- Evident from the text: the study included only overweight women and only endurance exercise, so findings may not generalize to men, other BMI groups, or other exercise types; metagenome analyses were reduced to n = 15, and diet analyses to n = 14, further limiting power; the absence of major systemic metabolic changes may partly reflect heterogeneous individual responses rather than true lack of effect.
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- Findingown data
Exercise slightly decreased HDL.
“All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Metagenomic analysis revealed an increase in Akkermansia after six-week endurance exercise.
“Metagenomic analysis revealed taxonomic shifts including an increase in Akkermansia and a decrease in Proteobacteria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise slightly increased glucose.
“All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Metagenomic analysis revealed a decrease in Proteobacteria after six-week endurance exercise.
“Metagenomic analysis revealed taxonomic shifts including an increase in Akkermansia and a decrease in Proteobacteria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Six-week endurance exercise decreased android fat mass in previously sedentary overweight women.
“The exercise intervention was effective, as maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased while android fat mass decreased.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Only two metabolites, phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles, decreased after exercise.
“These metagenomic changes, however, were not translated into major systemic metabolic changes as only two metabolites, phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles, decreased after exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Training decreased the amine oxidase activity of pro-inflammatory VAP-1.
“Training also decreased the amine oxidase activity of pro-inflammatory VAP-1, whereas no changes in CRP were detected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Six-week endurance exercise increased maximum rate of oxygen consumption in previously sedentary overweight women.
“The exercise intervention was effective, as maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased while android fat mass decreased.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
All clinical blood variables were within normal range.
“All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise slightly decreased LDL.
“All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Six-week endurance exercise increased maximal power in previously sedentary overweight women.
“The exercise intervention was effective, as maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased while android fat mass decreased.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No changes in CRP were detected after training.
“Training also decreased the amine oxidase activity of pro-inflammatory VAP-1, whereas no changes in CRP were detected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Training slightly increased Jaccard distance of genus level β-diversity.
“Training slightly increased Jaccard distance of genus level β-diversity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No changes in diet were observed during the six-week endurance exercise intervention.
“No changes in diet were observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Training decreased the abundance of several genes including those related to fructose and amino acid metabolism.
“Nevertheless, tranining decreased the abundance of several genes including those related to fructose and amino acid metabolism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The changes in Akkermansia and Proteobacteria were independent of age, weight, fat % as well as energy and fiber intake.
“These changes were independent of age, weight, fat % as well as energy and fiber intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant change in waist circumference was observed after the control or exercise training period.
“No significant changes after the control or exercise training period were observed in weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, total or gynoid FM, total, android or gynoid fat%, or visceral fat (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise training slightly increased serum glucose.
“exercise training slightly increased serum glucose and decreased HDL and LDL cholesterol levels (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The samples before and after the exercise training cluster closely together indicating their similarity.
“Despite finding post-intervention alterations in these genes, it was evident from the PCoA (Figure 4A) and Bray Curtis analyses that the samples before and after the exercise training cluster closely together indicating their similarity and that only approximately half of the subject's microbiome had considerably responded to the exercise training, i.e., had Bray Curtis index close to 0.8 (Figure”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise training did not significantly alter any other serum metabolites.
“Somewhat surprisingly, exercise training did not significantly alter any other serum metabolites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Several gut microbiota functions decreased after the exercise period.
“However, a closer analysis of individual genes showed that several gut microbiota functions decreased after the exercise period (Table 7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Six-week endurance exercise intervention modestly modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota.
“In this study we showed that six-weeks endurance exercise intervention modestly modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota without greatly affecting systemic metabolites or body composition.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“The major findings of this study indicate that the six-weeks guided endurance exercise training induced modest shifts in gut microbiota both at taxonomical and functional level.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In conclusion, a successfully conducted six-weeks guided endurance exercise training modified the composition and functions of gut microbiota without greatly affecting systemic metabolites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
- Findingown data
After the exercise period, the genus Streptococcus tended to decrease (p=0.16).
“With 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, no governing effects on gut microbiota were observed after the control period, while after the exercise period the genus Streptococcus tended to decrease (p = 0.16).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant change in blood pressure was observed after the control or exercise training period.
“No significant changes after the control or exercise training period were observed in weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, total or gynoid FM, total, android or gynoid fat%, or visceral fat (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae decreased after exercise training (p=0.037).
“Further, the genus Dorea (p = 0.028), Anaerofilum (p = 0.037) and Akkermansia (p = 0.038) increased while unidentified Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.016), Odoribacter (p = 0.033), unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.036) decreased after exercise training (Figure 3A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The decreases in plasma phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles were not associated with gut microbiota.
“Exercise training decreased plasma phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles (p < 0.05 for both, Figure 5A) that, however, were not associated with gut microbiota.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No differences in the relationship of Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes were found in response to exercise training.
“In response to exercise training, no differences in gut microbiota α-diversity or the phylum level abundancies or the relationship of Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes were found (data not shown).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise training increased the abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansia.
“It is noteworthy that the exercise training increased the abundance of Verrucomirobia, a phylum that contains only a few species, and further Akkermansia, one of the major representatives of Verrucomicrobia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No changes in dietary intake (total energy and energy-yielding nutrients) were observed after the control period or the exercise training period.
“No changes in their intake were observed after the control period or the exercise training period (Table 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The only change in the diet after the exercise period was a slight increase in energy derived from starch.
“The only change in the diet after the exercise period was a slight increase in energy derived from starch.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise training resulted in a decrease of gram-negative Proteobacteria (p=0.039).
“In addition, exercise training resulted in a decrease of gram-negative Proteobacteria (p = 0.039, Figure 3A) and an increase in Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.038).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No changes in physical performance were observed after the control period.
“While no changes in the physical performance were observed after the control period”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant differences in the expression levels of TLR4 were found.
“No significant differences in the expression levels of TLR4 were found while TLR5 expression significantly increased during the exercise period (p = 0.029, Figure 5D).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Triglycerides increased after the control period.
“Free fatty acids decreased and triglycerides and insulin increased after the control period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The enrichment of pathways was not altered.
“Accordingly the enrichment of pathways was not altered as shown in Table 6.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In this subgroup, no other changes in clinical variables were detected.
“Of the clinical variables the change in HDL, LDL and glucose remained significant while no other changes were detected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Insulin increased after the control period.
“Free fatty acids decreased and triglycerides and insulin increased after the control period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant change in gynoid fat mass was observed after the control or exercise training period.
“No significant changes after the control or exercise training period were observed in weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, total or gynoid FM, total, android or gynoid fat%, or visceral fat (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Metagenome analysis revealed no increases in glucose metabolism genes.
“metagenome analysis revealed no increases in glucose metabolism genes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In this subgroup, the change in android fat mass was no longer significant.
“In this subgroup no significant changes in body composition occurred, and the change in android fat mass was no longer significant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant change in weight was observed after the control or exercise training period.
“No significant changes after the control or exercise training period were observed in weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, total or gynoid FM, total, android or gynoid fat%, or visceral fat (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the subgroup whose microbiomes changed after exercise training according to Bray Curtis index, no significant changes in body composition occurred.
“In this subgroup no significant changes in body composition occurred, and the change in android fat mass was no longer significant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise training decreased HDL cholesterol.
“exercise training slightly increased serum glucose and decreased HDL and LDL cholesterol levels (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise training decreased LDL cholesterol.
“exercise training slightly increased serum glucose and decreased HDL and LDL cholesterol levels (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant change in visceral fat was observed after the control or exercise training period.
“No significant changes after the control or exercise training period were observed in weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, total or gynoid FM, total, android or gynoid fat%, or visceral fat (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Approximately only half of the subjects' microbiomes actually responded to the exercise training.
“approximately only half of the subjects' microbiomes actually responded to the exercise training.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Aspartate ammonialyase after exercise training associated inversely with protein intake before exercise training (r=-0.720, p=0.019).
“We found that aspartate ammonialyase after the exercise training associated inversely with protein intake before the exercise training (r = −0.720, p = 0.019) and B2 vitamin intake after the exercise training (r = −0.648, p = 0.043), and meat intake after the exercise training with the transcriptional regulator of aromatic amino acid metabolism (r = −0.774, p = 0.024).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise training decreased the enzymatic activity of VAP-1 (p=0.011).
“Exercise training decreased the enzymatic activity of VAP-1 (p = 0.011, Figure 5C), while such decrease was not seen in protein concentration, suggesting induction of an endogenous inhibitor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After the exercise period, Dorea correlated with weight (r = 0.591, p = 0.033).
“and Dorea with weight (r = 0.591, p = 0.033)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Unidentified Porphyromonadaceae decreased after exercise training (p=0.016).
“Further, the genus Dorea (p = 0.028), Anaerofilum (p = 0.037) and Akkermansia (p = 0.038) increased while unidentified Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.016), Odoribacter (p = 0.033), unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.036) decreased after exercise training (Figure 3A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise training decreased cholesterol in large VLDL particles (p<0.05).
“Exercise training decreased plasma phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles (p < 0.05 for both, Figure 5A) that, however, were not associated with gut microbiota.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Aspartate ammonialyase after exercise training associated inversely with B2 vitamin intake after exercise training (r=-0.648, p=0.043).
“We found that aspartate ammonialyase after the exercise training associated inversely with protein intake before the exercise training (r = −0.720, p = 0.019) and B2 vitamin intake after the exercise training (r = −0.648, p = 0.043), and meat intake after the exercise training with the transcriptional regulator of aromatic amino acid metabolism (r = −0.774, p = 0.024).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant change in gynoid fat% was observed after the control or exercise training period.
“No significant changes after the control or exercise training period were observed in weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, total or gynoid FM, total, android or gynoid fat%, or visceral fat (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise training decreased plasma phospholipids in large VLDL particles (p<0.05).
“Exercise training decreased plasma phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles (p < 0.05 for both, Figure 5A) that, however, were not associated with gut microbiota.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
With 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, no governing effects on gut microbiota were observed after the control period.
“With 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, no governing effects on gut microbiota were observed after the control period, while after the exercise period the genus Streptococcus tended to decrease (p = 0.16).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant change in android fat% was observed after the control or exercise training period.
“No significant changes after the control or exercise training period were observed in weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, total or gynoid FM, total, android or gynoid fat%, or visceral fat (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Meat intake after exercise training associated inversely with transcriptional regulator of aromatic amino acid metabolism (r=-0.774, p=0.024).
“We found that aspartate ammonialyase after the exercise training associated inversely with protein intake before the exercise training (r = −0.720, p = 0.019) and B2 vitamin intake after the exercise training (r = −0.648, p = 0.043), and meat intake after the exercise training with the transcriptional regulator of aromatic amino acid metabolism (r = −0.774, p = 0.024).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant change in BMI was observed after the control or exercise training period.
“No significant changes after the control or exercise training period were observed in weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, total or gynoid FM, total, android or gynoid fat%, or visceral fat (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Of the enriched pathways, only Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons (FDR).
“Of the enriched pathways only Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons (FDR).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After the exercise training period, android fat mass decreased (p=0.005).
“After the exercise training period, a reduction of android fat mass (p = 0.005) was measured, which was not found after the control period (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In metagenome analysis, no differences in gut microbiota α-diversity were found in response to exercise training.
“In response to exercise training, no differences in gut microbiota α-diversity or the phylum level abundancies or the relationship of Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes were found (data not shown).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise increased Verrucomicrobiaceae (p=0.038).
“Specifically, exercise increased Verrucomicrobiaceae (p = 0.038) and Bifidobacteriaceae (p = 0.015; Figure 3A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant change in total fat% was observed after the control or exercise training period.
“No significant changes after the control or exercise training period were observed in weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, total or gynoid FM, total, android or gynoid fat%, or visceral fat (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No decrease in VAP-1 protein concentration was seen.
“Exercise training decreased the enzymatic activity of VAP-1 (p = 0.011, Figure 5C), while such decrease was not seen in protein concentration, suggesting induction of an endogenous inhibitor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No changes were observed in serum CRP levels at any time point.
“No changes were observed in serum CRP levels at any time point (Figure 5C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The same pathways were similarly enriched in the study subject's microbiomes before and after the exercise training.
“The same pathways were similarly enriched in the study subject's microbiomes before and after the exercise training.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise increased Bifidobacteriaceae (p=0.015).
“Specifically, exercise increased Verrucomicrobiaceae (p = 0.038) and Bifidobacteriaceae (p = 0.015; Figure 3A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Phyla and family levels did not change in response to exercise training.
“However, the Jaccard distance of genus level β-diversity increased from 0.449 to 0.465 (p = 0.014) in response to exercise training, while phyla and family levels did not change.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After the exercise period, Bifidobacterium genus correlated with waist circumference (r = −0.580, p = 0.036).
“After the exercise period, Bifidobacterium genus correlated with waist circumference (r = −0.580, p = 0.036)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In previously sedentary overweight women who completed the six-week endurance exercise intervention (n=17 analyzed), maximal power increased after the exercise training period compared to before/control.
“both the maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased after the exercise training period (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The metagenomics assessment of functional genes revealed no changes in the major pathways after the exercise period.
“The metagenomics assessment of the functional genes revealed no changes in the major pathways after the exercise period (Figure 3B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Unidentified Enterobacteriaceae decreased after exercise training (p=0.036).
“Further, the genus Dorea (p = 0.028), Anaerofilum (p = 0.037) and Akkermansia (p = 0.038) increased while unidentified Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.016), Odoribacter (p = 0.033), unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.036) decreased after exercise training (Figure 3A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Genus Dorea increased after exercise training (p=0.028).
“Further, the genus Dorea (p = 0.028), Anaerofilum (p = 0.037) and Akkermansia (p = 0.038) increased while unidentified Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.016), Odoribacter (p = 0.033), unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.036) decreased after exercise training (Figure 3A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No reduction in android fat mass was found after the control period.
“After the exercise training period, a reduction of android fat mass (p = 0.005) was measured, which was not found after the control period (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Odoribacter decreased after exercise training (p=0.033).
“Further, the genus Dorea (p = 0.028), Anaerofilum (p = 0.037) and Akkermansia (p = 0.038) increased while unidentified Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.016), Odoribacter (p = 0.033), unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.036) decreased after exercise training (Figure 3A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After the exercise period, Dorea correlated with android FM (r = 0.630, p = 0.021).
“android FM (r = 0.630, p = 0.021)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Only approximately half of the subject's microbiome had considerably responded to the exercise training (Bray Curtis index close to 0.8).
“Despite finding post-intervention alterations in these genes, it was evident from the PCoA (Figure 4A) and Bray Curtis analyses that the samples before and after the exercise training cluster closely together indicating their similarity and that only approximately half of the subject's microbiome had considerably responded to the exercise training, i.e., had Bray Curtis index close to 0.8 (Figure”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No differences in phylum level abundancies were found in response to exercise training.
“In response to exercise training, no differences in gut microbiota α-diversity or the phylum level abundancies or the relationship of Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes were found (data not shown).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Jaccard distance of genus level β-diversity increased from 0.449 to 0.465 (p=0.014) in response to exercise training.
“However, the Jaccard distance of genus level β-diversity increased from 0.449 to 0.465 (p = 0.014) in response to exercise training, while phyla and family levels did not change.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In previously sedentary overweight women who completed the six-week endurance exercise intervention (n=17 analyzed), VO2max increased after the exercise training period compared to before/control.
“both the maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased after the exercise training period (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant change in total fat mass was observed after the control or exercise training period.
“No significant changes after the control or exercise training period were observed in weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, total or gynoid FM, total, android or gynoid fat%, or visceral fat (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The change in Akkermansia occurred independent of weight, body composition and food intake.
“In our study the change in Akkermansia occurred independent of weight, body compostion and food intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Changes in Bifidobacteraceae, unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were dependent on all variables except age.
“The changes in Bifidobacteraceae, and unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were dependent on all variables except age.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
TLR5 expression significantly increased during the exercise period (p=0.029).
“No significant differences in the expression levels of TLR4 were found while TLR5 expression significantly increased during the exercise period (p = 0.029, Figure 5D).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Genus Anaerofilum increased after exercise training (p=0.037).
“Further, the genus Dorea (p = 0.028), Anaerofilum (p = 0.037) and Akkermansia (p = 0.038) increased while unidentified Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.016), Odoribacter (p = 0.033), unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.036) decreased after exercise training (Figure 3A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise training resulted in an increase in Verrucomicrobia (p=0.038).
“In addition, exercise training resulted in a decrease of gram-negative Proteobacteria (p = 0.039, Figure 3A) and an increase in Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.038).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Genus Akkermansia increased after exercise training (p=0.038).
“Further, the genus Dorea (p = 0.028), Anaerofilum (p = 0.037) and Akkermansia (p = 0.038) increased while unidentified Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.016), Odoribacter (p = 0.033), unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.036) decreased after exercise training (Figure 3A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After the exercise period, Dorea correlated with waist circumference (r = 0.674, p = 0.012).
“and waist circumefrence (r = 0.674, p = 0.012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Blood lactate levels at submaximal workload decreased following the training period.
“Blood lactate levels at submaximal workload decreased following the training period (Table 1)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The change in Proteobacteria occurred independent of weight, body composition and food intake.
“The change in Proteobacteria occurred independent of weight, body compostion and food intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The shifts in gut microbiota were independent of gross changes in weight, body composition or diet.
“These shifts were independent of gross changes in weight, body composition or diet.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Metabolomics analyses showed changes only in phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles in response to exercise.
“as metabolomics analyses showed changes only in phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles in response to exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Exercise training decreased VAP-1 activity.
“Finally, exercise training decreased VAP-1 activity”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
Exercise training increased the expression of TLR5.
“Another immunologic change was the increased expression of TLR5 in response to exercise training.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Changes in Dorea, Odoribacter and a yet unidentified genus of Desulfovibrionaceae were dependent on age, weight, body fat %, android fat %, intake of total energy, sucrose or fiber.
“However, the changes in Dorea, Odoribacter and a yet unidentified genus of Desulfovibrionaceae were dependent on age, weight, body fat %, android fat %, intake of total energy, sucrose or fiber.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Endurance exercise intervention decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria and an unidentified genus of Enterobacteriaceae.
“Our endurance exercise intervention decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria and an unidentified genus of Enterobacteriaceae.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Metagenomic changes were not translated into major systemic metabolic changes.
“These metagenomic changes, however, were not translated into major systemic metabolic changes as only two metabolites, phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles, decreased after exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In the study of Bressa et al., the sedentary group had significantly higher body fat percentage and mass.
“In addition, in the study of Bressa et al. the sedentary group had significantly higher body fat percentage and mass (Bressa et al., 2017), traits known to be highly associated with gut microbiota composition (Turnbaugh et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bressa et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The six-week endurance exercise intervention was effective in previously sedentary overweight women.
“The exercise intervention was effective, as maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased while android fat mass decreased.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The decrease in VAP-1 activity without a decrease in protein concentration suggests induction of an endogenous inhibitor.
“Exercise training decreased the enzymatic activity of VAP-1 (p = 0.011, Figure 5C), while such decrease was not seen in protein concentration, suggesting induction of an endogenous inhibitor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The lack of abundant changes in microbiota composition may have been due to relatively heterogeneous responses of the subjects to exercise training and inter-individual variation in gut microbiota.
“The Principal component analysis (PCoA) showed that the lack of abundant changes may have been due to relatively heterogeneous responses of the subjects to exercise training and inter-individual variation in gut microbiota (Figure 2B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Only Proteobacteria, Verrucomibrobia, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and Akkermansia respond to exercise training independently of age, weight, body fat %, android fat %, intake of total energy, sucrose or fiber.
“The results suggest that only Proteobacteria, Verrucomibrobia, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and Akkermansia respond to exercise training independently of above-mentioned variables.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The decrease in blood lactate at submaximal workload indicates improved aerobic metabolism.
“Blood lactate levels at submaximal workload decreased following the training period (Table 1) indicating improved aerobic metabolism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The changes in phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles are beneficial for cardiometabolic health.
“However, these changes are beneficial for cardiometabolic health as VLDL transports lipids from liver to peripheral tissues and thus has detrimental cardiovascular effects (Ren et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ren et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Exercise training without an accompanying robust dietary change may not considerably affect the metagenomic functions.
“In summary, it seems that exercise training without an accompanying robust dietary change may not considerably affect the metagenomic functions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The responsiveness of an individual to certain lifestyle changes, such as dietary intervention or increased physical activity, varies greatly.
“Hence, also the responsiviness of an individual to certain lifestyle changes, such as dietary intervention or increased physical activity varies greatly (Korpela and de Vos, 2016; Korpela et al., 2016)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Korpela and de Vos, 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Korpela et al., 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The slight increase in energy derived from starch has not likely affected the metagenome.
“However, this has not likely affected the metagenome as starch is broken down into glucose moieties and metagenome analysis revealed no increases in glucose metabolism genes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Starch is broken down into glucose moieties.
- Interpretationown data
Especially Akkermansia is an exercise-responsive taxon.
“Based on our data and existing literature we propose that especially Akkermansia is an exercise-responsive taxon.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The effects on gut microbiota were related to the exercise training.
“Since no evident changes in weight, body composition and diet occurred during the exercise training, it can be proposed that the effects on gut microbiota were related to the exercise training.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The difficulty in finding more than modest changes is partly due to approximately only half of the subjects' microbiomes actually responding to the exercise training.
“It was evident from Bray Curtis dissimilarity analysis that the difficulty in finding more than modest changes is partly due to that approximately only half of the subjects' microbiomes actually responded to the exercise training.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Our study is not straightforwardly comparable to the study published by Cronin et al.
“Therefore, our study is not straightforward comparable to the study published by Cronin et al.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A 4-day cross-country, military ski-march increased Verrucomicrobia abundance.
“Second, a 4-days cross-country, military ski-march increased Verrucomicrobia abundance (Karl et al., 2017)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Karl et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansia are true exercise-responsive taxa.
“We therefore propose that Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansia are true exercise-responsive taxa.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In both studies, the active and sedentary groups differed from each other in dietary intakes, especially fiber intake.
“However, it should be noted that in both studies the active and sedentary group differed from each other in dietary intakes, especially fiber intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data
Among the microbiota there may be exercise responsive and non-responsive taxa.
“This suggests that among the microbiota there may be exercise responsive and non-responsive taxa that will be discussed in the following paragraph.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The modest functional changes in gut microbiota were not translated into major systemic metabolic changes.
“In agreement with no gross changes in the diet, the modest functional changes in gut microbiota were not translated into major systemic metabolic changes, as metabolomics analyses showed changes only in phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles in response to exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 67
- May combine two claims. 22
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataEnergy % derived from starch slightly increased after the exercise period (p=0.033).
“However, the energy % derived from starch slightly increased after the exercise period (p = 0.033).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo effects of the intervention on gut microbiota were observed with lower sequencing depth, and modest changes were found with deeper metagenomic analysis.
“However, even with such study set up no effects of the intervention on gut microbiota were observed with lower sequencing depth, and modest changes were found with deeper metagenomic analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataFree fatty acids decreased after the control period.
“Free fatty acids decreased and triglycerides and insulin increased after the control period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe exercise intervention increased maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption.
“However, the exercise intervention was successful as the maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSix-week endurance exercise intervention did not greatly affect systemic metabolites or body composition.
“In this study we showed that six-weeks endurance exercise intervention modestly modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota without greatly affecting systemic metabolites or body composition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo evident changes in weight, body composition and diet occurred during the exercise training.
“Since no evident changes in weight, body composition and diet occurred during the exercise training, it can be proposed that the effects on gut microbiota were related to the exercise training.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn this subgroup, the changes in HDL, LDL and glucose remained significant.
“Of the clinical variables the change in HDL, LDL and glucose remained significant while no other changes were detected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe variation in the genus level composition of the gut microbiota between the subjects appears to be vast in all analyzed time points.
“The variation in the genus level composition of the gut microbiota between the subjects appears to be vast in all analyzed time points (Figure 2A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThere was a statistically non-significant decline in protein ingestion during the exercise period.
“Similarly, the statistically non-signifcant decline in protein ingestion during the exercise period can contribute to the decrease of metagenomic functions related to amino acids metabolism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataExercise training did not increase butyrate metabolism genes but reduced several metagenomic functions including those related to fructose, mannose, alanine and aromatic amino acids metabolism.
“However, in our study, despite the favorable taxonomic shifts in butyrate-producing Akkermansia and Dorea, exercise training did not increase butyrate metabolism genes but reduced several metagenomic functions including those related to fructose, mannose, alanine and aromatic amino acids metabolism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCombined eight-weeks aerobic and resistance exercise induced modest shifts in gut metagenomes despite no changes in the diversity of taxa or metabolic pathways.
“Another study reported that combined eight-weeks aerobic and resistance exercise induced modest shifts in gut metagenomes despite no changes in the diversity of taxa or metabolic pathways (Cronin et al., 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cronin et al., 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationExercise induced compositional changes in the human gut microbiota that were more pronounced in lean than in obese.
“To date, one study showed that exercise induced compositional changes in the human gut microbiota that were more pronounced in lean than in obese (Allen et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Allen et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationProfessional rugby players diverge from BMI-matched non-athletes in several bacterial phyla.
“Cross-sectional human studies have reported that professional rugby players diverge from body mass index (BMI)-matched non-athletes in several bacterial phyla (Clarke et al., 2014), and that normal weight active women differ from sedentary women in several taxa (Bressa et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Clarke et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationInflammation induced by exercise and gut microbiota may be mediated by bacterial molecules-recognizing Toll-like receptors.
“Both exercise and gut microbiota are known to induce inflammation (Clark and Mach, 2017), which may be mediated by bacterial molecules-recognizing Toll-like receptors (TLR) (McKenzie et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McKenzie et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVAP-1 products can modify the microenvironment to pro-inflammatory direction and cause detrimental effects on vasculature.
“VAP-1 is a multifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity (Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017) that degrades primary amines and produces hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and aldehydes, which can modify the microenvironment to pro-inflammatory direction and cause detrimental effects on vasculature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMaximal bicycle ergometer test showed an increase in abundance of 7 out of 9 major taxa in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome compared to 2 of 9 in healthy controls.
“Acute effects of exercise have also been studied using maximal bicycle ergometer test that showed an increase in the abundance of 7 out of 9 major taxa in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome compared to 2 of 9 in healthy controls (Shukla et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shukla et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataExercise training modified the gut microbiome without greatly affecting systemic metabolites or body composition.
“In conclusion, exercise training modified the gut microbiome without greatly affecting systemic metabolites or body composition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationNormal weight active women differ from sedentary women in several taxa.
“Cross-sectional human studies have reported that professional rugby players diverge from body mass index (BMI)-matched non-athletes in several bacterial phyla (Clarke et al., 2014), and that normal weight active women differ from sedentary women in several taxa (Bressa et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bressa et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationVAP-1 is a multifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity.
“VAP-1 is a multifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity (Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017) that degrades primary amines and produces hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and aldehydes, which can modify the microenvironment to pro-inflammatory direction and cause detrimental effects on vasculature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationVAP-1 degrades primary amines and produces hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and aldehydes.
“VAP-1 is a multifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity (Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017) that degrades primary amines and produces hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and aldehydes, which can modify the microenvironment to pro-inflammatory direction and cause detrimental effects on vasculature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHalf marathon performed by amateurs affects gut microbiota composition, predicted functions and fecal metabolites.
“In addition, half marathon performed by amateurs was reported to affect gut microbiota composition, predicted functions and fecal metabolites (Zhao et al., 2018b).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhao et al., 2018b
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBody fat percentage and mass are highly associated with gut microbiota composition.
“In addition, in the study of Bressa et al. the sedentary group had significantly higher body fat percentage and mass (Bressa et al., 2017), traits known to be highly associated with gut microbiota composition (Turnbaugh et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Turnbaugh et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPreviously the authors have shown that the amine oxidase activity of VAP-1 is involved in a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation model.
“Previously we have shown that the amine oxidase activity of Vascular Adhesion Protein 1 (VAP-1) is involved in a lipolysaccharide-induced inflammation model (Yu et al., 2006)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yu et al., 2006
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataEspecially Akkermansia and Proteobacteria are exercise-responsive taxa.
“Based on our data and existing literature, we propose that especially Akkermansia and Proteobacteria are exercise-responsive taxa.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBoth exercise and gut microbiota are known to induce inflammation.
“Both exercise and gut microbiota are known to induce inflammation (Clark and Mach, 2017), which may be mediated by bacterial molecules-recognizing Toll-like receptors (TLR) (McKenzie et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Clark and Mach, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenFourteen subjects completed the food diaries in all time points and were included in the analyses.
“Fourteen subjects completed the food diaries in all time points and were included in the analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe subjects had not ingested antibiotics within 2 months prior to the sampling.
“The subjects had not ingested antibiotics within 2 months prior to the sampling.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAnimal models have shown that exercise impacts microbial abundance.
“Recently, animal models have shown that exercise impacts microbial abundance (Lambert et al., 2015; Welly et al., 2016)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataEach sample was analyzed in duplicate in real-time PCR.
“Each sample was analyzed in duplicate, and PCR cycle parameters were as follows: +95°C for 10 min, 40 cycles at +95°C for 10 s, at +56°C (TLR4) or +59°C (TLR5) or +60°C (GAPDH) for 30 s, and at +72°C for 30 s, followed finally by 5 s at +65°C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataFourteen subjects completed the food diaries in all time points.
“Fourteen subjects completed the food diaries in all time points.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenReal-time PCR analyses were performed according to MIQE guidelines.
“Real-time PCR analyses were performed according to MIQE guidelines using in-house designed primers (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), iQ SYBR Supermix, and CFX96™ Real-time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA, USA).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe gas analyzer was calibrated on each testing day.
“The gas analyzer was calibrated on each testing day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenGeneral linear model was used to determine whether changes in taxa occurred in response to exercise or were dependent on age, weight, body fat %, android fat %, intake of total energy, sucrose or fiber.
“General linear model in SPSS was used to determine whether the changes in taxa occurred in response to exercise or whether they were dependent on age, weight, body fat %, android fat %, intake of total energy intake, sucrose or fiber.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenFecal samples were always collected over 72 h after the last exercise bout.
“The samples were always collected over 72 h after the last exercise bout.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataGroup comparisons of gut microbiota were corrected for multiple comparison with Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.
“From the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenome sequencing the group comparisons of gut microbiota were analyzed with non-parametric Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test and corrected for multiple comparison with Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationGut microbiota composition is highly associated with weight and body composition.
“Due to that the gut microbiota composition is known to be highly associated with weight and body composition (Turnbaugh et al., 2009)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Turnbaugh et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe samples before exercise are less variable (more close to the centroid) than the samples after exercise indicating that the exercise has caused shifts in COGs, which are relatively heterogeneous.
“In agreement, the Correspondence analysis shows that the samples before exercise are less variable (more close to the centroid) than the samples after exercise indicating that the exercise has caused shifts in COGs, which, nevertheless, are relatively heterogeneous (Figure 4C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataTwo participants were excluded from the final analyses due to antibiotic therapy during the intervention.
“two were excluded of the final analyses due to antibiotic therapy during the intervention.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataWhen assessing the metagenome data, the samples of two subjects clustered differently and were removed from the final analyses, leaving 15 subjects included in the metagenome analyses.
“When assessing the metagenome data the samples of two subjects clustered differently and were removed from the final analyses. Therefore, 15 subjects were included in the metagenome analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenBlood samples were taken after overnight fasting over 72 h after the last exercise bout.
“Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting over 72 h after the last exercise bout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study participants had no intestinal or other chronic diseases or medications that could have affected the gut microbiota.
“They had no intestinal or other chronic diseases or medications that could have affected the gut microbiota.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn animal models, exercise has boosted the abundance of Dorea.
“In animal models exercise has boosted the abundance of Dorea (Allen et al., 2015; Denou et al., 2016)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCompositional and functional differences in the gut microbiota exist between physically active and sedentary women.
“as well as between physically active and sedentary women (Bressa et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bressa et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationFiber-rich diet seems to promote Akkermansia growth.
“as fiber-rich diet seem to promote Akkermansia growth (Everard et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Everard et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationExercise is known to increase absorption of fructose.
“As exercise is known to increase absorption of fructose (Fujisawa et al., 1993)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fujisawa et al., 1993 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAn increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae has been reported in obesity.
“An increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae has been reported in obesity (Scheepers et al., 2015)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Scheepers et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
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PremisecitationA similar concept of the so-called responder microbes was raised in a diet intervention that attempted to ameliorate Type 2 diabetes by improving SCFA production from fibers.
“A similar concept of the so-called responder microbes was also raised in a diet intervention that attempted to ameliorate Type 2 diabetes by improving short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from fibers (Zhao et al., 2018a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhao et al., 2018a
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningLess sugars reaching the colon could contribute to the reduction in fructose and mannose metabolism genes.
“This could contribute to the reduction in fructose and mannose metabolism genes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Fructose absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAkkermansia has been found to be lower in several conditions, such as during obesity and diabetes.
“Akkermansia has been found to be lower in several conditions, such as during obesity, diabetes (Cani and de Vos, 2017)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cani and de Vos, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAllen and co-workers reported compositional and β-diversity changes of the microbiota in response to six-weeks endurance training.
“On the other hand, similar to our results, Allen and co-workers reported compositional and β-diversity changes of the microbiota in response to six-weeks endurance training that resembled the intervention of our study (Allen et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Allen et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAllen et al. concluded that the shifts were dependent on the obesity status and were reversed after cessation of the training.
“The authors concluded that the shifts were dependent on the obesity status and were reversed after cessation of the training.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Allen et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationIncluding both genders in the Cronin et al. study may have hindered some of the discoveries.
“However, including both genders in the study may have hindered some of the discoveries, as gender differences in the gut microbiota are known to influence, for instance, metabolic outcomes and immunity (Fransen et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fransen et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAthletes harbored more Akkermansia than sedentary controls.
“First, athletes harbored more Akkermansia than sedentary controls (Clarke et al., 2014)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Clarke et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationExercise decreased Proteobacteria in rats with high aerobic capacity.
“In agreement with our findings, exercise decreased Proteobacteria in rats with high aerobic capacity (Liu et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAfter eight weeks of non-guided, combined aerobic and resistance exercise, Cronin et al. failed to detect significant changes in the gut microbiota composition or functions.
“In contrast to our study, after eight-weeks of non-guided, combined aerobic and resistance exercise, Cronin et al. failed to detect significant changes in the gut microbiota composition or functions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cronin et al., 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningExercise training decreased VAP-1 activity can have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects especially on vasculature.
“Finally, exercise training decreased VAP-1 activity, which can have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects especially on vasculature, though the underlying mechanisms could not be determined in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a human study, Dorea increased after cessation of the training and not in response to exercise.
“while in a human study it increased after cessation of the training and not in response to exercise (Allen et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Allen et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationDorea, Odoribacter and a yet unidentified genus of Desulfovibrionaceae may be responders.
“But Dorea, Odoribacter and a yet unidentified genus of Desulfovibrionaceae may be responders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationThe real effect of reduced protein intake can be questioned.
“Nevertheless, a prolonged protein supplementation did not affect the gut microbiome (Cronin et al., 2018) and therefore the real effect of reduced protein intake can be questioned.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cronin et al., 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIntrinsic aerobic capacity impacts the microbiota composition.
“and, that intrinsic aerobic capacity impacts the microbiota composition (Pekkala et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pekkala et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationHigh-intensity endurance training modified the gut microbiota in animal studies.
“In accordance, animal studies by us and others have reported that high-intensity endurance training modified the gut microbiota (Campbell et al., 2016; Denou et al., 2016)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAkkermansia is suggested to be health-beneficial for its capacity to improve lipid oxidation in diet-induced obese mice.
“Akkermansia is suggested to be health-beneficial for its capacity to improve lipid oxidation in diet-induced obese mice (Everard et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Everard et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationExercise training increased the gene encoding butyrate forming Butyryl CoA: Acetate CoA transferase.
“It was recently demonstrated by targeted gene amplification, not metagenomics, that in addition to the influence on the gut microbiota composition, exercise training increased the gene encoding butyrate forming Butyryl CoA: Acetate CoA transferase (Allen et al., 2017)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Allen et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationActive women harbored more Akkermansia than inactive women.
“as did the active women compared to inactive (Bressa et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bressa et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe majority of carbohydrate-metabolizing microbes reside in the colon.
“where the majority of carbohydrate-metabolizing microbes reside (Krajmalnik-Brown et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Krajmalnik-Brown et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn rats, unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae decreased in response to voluntary exercise.
“and in rats the latter decreased in response to voluntary exercise (Liu et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe statistically non-significant decline in protein ingestion can contribute to the decrease of metagenomic functions related to amino acids metabolism.
“Similarly, the statistically non-signifcant decline in protein ingestion during the exercise period can contribute to the decrease of metagenomic functions related to amino acids metabolism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAn increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae has been reported in non-alcoholic steatohepatosis.
“and non-alcoholic steatohepatosis (Zhu et al., 2013)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhu et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationInter-individual variation in the gut microbiota composition and gene content is vast.
“Inter-individual variation in the gut microbiota composition and gene content is known to be vast (Lozupone et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lozupone et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOdoribacter and unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae were lower in active women than sedentary.
“Corroborating our findings Odoribacter and unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae were lower in active women than sedentary (Bressa et al., 2017)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bressa et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationGender differences in the gut microbiota are known to influence metabolic outcomes and immunity.
“as gender differences in the gut microbiota are known to influence, for instance, metabolic outcomes and immunity (Fransen et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fransen et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCompositional and functional differences in the gut microbiota exist between professional athletes and their BMI-matched sedentary counterparts.
“It seems that both compositional and functional differencies in the gut microbiota exist between professional athletes and their BMI-matched sedentary counterparts (Clarke et al., 2014)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Clarke et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationContradictory findings from human exercise interventions have been recently presented.
“But interestingly, contradictory findings from the human exercise interventions have been recently presented (Allen et al., 2017; Cronin et al., 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA prolonged protein supplementation did not affect the gut microbiome.
“Nevertheless, a prolonged protein supplementation did not affect the gut microbiome (Cronin et al., 2018)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cronin et al., 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenFood records are considered a reliable dietary assessment tool but are prone to under-reporting, and social-desirability and social approval bias.
“However, it should be noted that although food records are considered as a reliable dietary assessment tool, they are prone to under-reporting, and social-desirability and social approval bias, which could e.g., result in lower assessed energy intake, and over-reporting of healthy foods and underreporting of unhealthy foods.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVLDL transports lipids from liver to peripheral tissues and thus has detrimental cardiovascular effects.
“as VLDL transports lipids from liver to peripheral tissues and thus has detrimental cardiovascular effects (Ren et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ren et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn mice, exhaustive exercise up-regulates flagellin-mediated inflammation by increasing TLR5 expression.
“In addition, in mice, exhaustive exercise up-regulates flagellin-mediated inflammation by increasing TLR5 expression (Uchida et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Uchida et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLong-term leisure time physical activity was associated with lower cholesterol in VLDL.
“The VLDL particle reducing effect of exercise is supported by our own study showing that long-term leisure time physical activity was associated with lower cholesterol in VLDL (Kujala et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kujala et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA prolonged bout of strenuous exercise increases the expression of TLRs.
“Our finding is in agreement with the report showing that a prolonged bout of strenuous exercise increases the expression of TLRs (Gleeson, 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gleeson, 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe underlying mechanisms of the exercise-induced decrease in VAP-1 activity could not be determined in this study.
“though the underlying mechanisms could not be determined in this study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Dietary composition affects the gut microbiota.
“As dietary composition affects the gut microbiota, the total daily energy and the intake of energy-yielding nutrients, were analyzed from the 3-days food records.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Starch is broken down into glucose moieties.
“as starch is broken down into glucose moieties”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fructose absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine.
“that mainly occurs in the small intestine”
The paper relies on this without support.
No studies in humans have reported associations between Proteobacteria and exercise or physical fitness that would support the responsiveness of this taxon to exercise training.
“However, to our knowledge, no studies in humans have reported associations between Proteobacteria and exercise or physical fitness that would support the responsiveness of this taxon to exercise training.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Observational studies indicate that exercise changes gut microbiome composition in mice and humans.
“Observational studies show exercise alters gut microbiome composition in mice14 and humans15–18.”
From Exercise-induced microbiota metabolite enhances CD8 T cell antitumor immunity promoting immunotherapy efficacy (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Post-exercise weight differs between text and table
MinorThe prose gives a post-exercise mean weight of 89.1 ± 15.2 kg, but Table 2 gives 89.3 ± 15.6 kg for the same time point.
“after exercise training 89.1 ± 15.2 kg.”
“| Weight (kg) | 90.1 ± 15.7 | 89.9 ± 15.0 | 89.3 ± 15.6 |”
Age exception for adjusted taxonomic changes is reversed
MinorThe text says these changes depend on all listed variables except age. Yet Bifidobacteriaceae loses significance after age adjustment (0.015 to 0.198); the table also reports significant age-adjusted p-values for the two unidentified taxa (0.038 and 0.027).
“The changes in Bifidobacteraceae, and unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were dependent on all variables except age.”
“| Bifidobacteriaceae | 0.41 (0.27) | 1.18 (0.27) | 0.015 | 0.198 | 0.179b 0.199c |”
Phylum-level changes are both denied and reported
MinorThe results say there were no differences in phylum-level abundances, then report significant decreases in Proteobacteria and increases in Verrucomicrobia, both at the phylum level.
“no differences in gut microbiota α-diversity or the phylum level abundancies or the relationship of Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes were found (data not shown).”
“exercise training resulted in a decrease of gram-negative Proteobacteria (p = 0.039, Figure 3A) and an increase in Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.038).”
No-change-in-diet statement overlooks starch energy percentage
MinorThe abstract states that no dietary changes were observed, whereas the results report a significant increase in the percentage of energy derived from starch after exercise.
“No changes in diet were observed.”
“However, the energy % derived from starch slightly increased after the exercise period (p = 0.033).”
Claim of independent taxonomic responses conflicts with adjusted results
MinorThe claim of independence from the listed variables is not supported for every named taxon. Table 5 reports Proteobacteria p-values of 0.078 and 0.073 when adjusted for changes in energy and sucrose, respectively, and a Verrucomicrobia p-value of 0.054 when adjusted for the pre-exercise fiber value.
“The results suggest that only Proteobacteria, Verrucomibrobia, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and Akkermansia respond to exercise training independently of above-mentioned variables.”
“| Proteobacteria | 1.05 (0.94) | 0.65 (0.63) | 0.039 | 0.031 | 0.033b 0.034c | 0.036b 0.032c | 0.031b 0.026c | 0.045b 0.078c | 0.038b 0.012c | 0.043b 0.073c |”
Heading says body-composition associations disappear despite reported correlations
MinorThe section heading says the associations disappear after exercise, but the section reports significant post-exercise correlations with waist circumference, weight, and android fat mass.
“### The associations of gut microbiota with body composition disappear after the exercise period”
“After the exercise period, Bifidobacterium genus correlated with waist circumference (r = −0.580, p = 0.036), and Dorea with weight (r = 0.591, p = 0.033), android FM (r = 0.630, p = 0.021) and waist circumefrence (r = 0.674, p = 0.012).”
Figure 4 panel for Bray-Curtis analysis is mislabeled
MinorThe results direct readers to Figure 4B for the Bray-Curtis analysis, while the figure caption identifies panel B as Correspondence analysis and panel C as Bray-Curtis analysis.
“only approximately half of the subject's microbiome had considerably responded to the exercise training, i.e., had Bray Curtis index close to 0.8 (Figure 4B).”
“(C) The Bray Curtis dissimilarity analysis shows that only approximately half of the subjects microbiomes have considerably responded to the exercise training, i.e., have Bray Curtis index close to 0.8.”
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Self-citationGut-adipose tissue axis in hepatic fat accumulation in humans
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Self-citationThe effect of exercise on fructose absorption
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“is known to increase absorption of fructose (Fujisawa et al., 1993) that mainly occurs in the small intestine, it is possible that less sugars reach the colon where the majority of carbohydratemetabolizing microbes reside (Krajmalnik-Brown et al.”
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From dysbiosis to longevity: a narrative review into the gut microbiome’s impact on aging
Tseng, C., & Wu, C. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-025-01179-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diet and Exercise Training on Gut Microbiota
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Akkermansia muciniphila and osteoporosis: emerging role of gut microbiota in skeletal homeostasis
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- Authors
- Munukka, E., Ahtiainen, J. P., Puigbó, P., Jalkanen, S., Pahkala, K., Keskitalo, A., Kujala, U. M., Pietilä, S., Hollmén, M., Elo, L., Huovinen, P., D'Auria, G., & Pekkala, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Turku (FI)
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Pekkala, Satu
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-10-03
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 2323-2323
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6178902
- OpenAlex
- W2895626130
- Semantic Scholar
- 49f9b1b1c0362d8fb2a32100df80f53eb0f3b6bb
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 14 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion)
- UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Juho Vainion Säätiö
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- endurance exercise, gut microbiota, gut metagenome, overweight women, Akkermansia, Proteobacteria, serum metabolomics, VAP-1, amine oxidase activity, hydrogen peroxide, body composition, fat mass, fructose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, VLDL cholesterol, phospholipids
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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