Muscle Glycogen Content during Endurance Training under Low Energy Availability
Abstract
Purpose The present study investigated the effects of three consecutive days of endurance training under conditions of low energy availability (LEA) on the muscle glycogen content, muscle damage markers, endocrine regulation, and endurance capacity in male runners. Methods Seven male long-distance runners (19.9 ± 1.1 yr, 175.6 ± 4.7 cm, 61.4 ± 5.3 kg, maximal oxygen uptake [V˙O2max]: 67.5 ± 4.3 mL·kg·min) completed two trials consisting of three consecutive days of endurance training under LEA (18.9 ± 1.9 kcal·kg FFM·d) or normal energy availability (NEA) (52.9 ± 5.0 kcal·kg FFM·d). The order of the two trials was randomized, with a 2-wk interval between trials. The endurance training consisted of 75 min of treadmill running at 70% of V˙O2max. Muscle glycogen content, respiratory gas variables, and blood and urine variables were measured in the morning for three consecutive days of training (days 1-3) and on the following morning after training (day 4). As an indication of endurance capacity, time to exhaustion at 19.0 ± 0.8 km·h to elicit 90% of V˙O2max was evaluated on day 4. Results During the training period, body weight, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle volume were significantly reduced in LEA (P = 0.02 for body weight and skeletal muscle volume, P = 0.01 for fat-free mass). Additionally, muscle glycogen content was significantly reduced in LEA (~30%, P Conclusions Three consecutive days of endurance training under LEA decreased muscle glycogen content with lowered bod…
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Most intervention studies assessing low energy availability in athletes are also accompanied by a considerable reduction in carbohydrate intake, approximately 25-60% depending on the magnitude of low energy availability.
“Most intervention studies assessing LEA in athletes are also accompanied by a considerable reduction in CHO intake (approximately 25–60% reduction in CHO, depending on the magnitude of LEA) [16,23,24,25].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
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Relationship between Energy Availability and Phenotype in Free-Living Athletes
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- Authors
- KOJIMA, C., ISHIBASHI, A., TANABE, Y., IWAYAMA, K., KAMEI, A., TAKAHASHI, H., & GOTO, K.
- Affiliations
- Ritsumeikan University (JP)
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JP)
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- Tenri University (JP)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2019-07-23
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 187-195
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-0315
- OpenAlex
- W2963176453
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18K19763, 19H04017)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- muscle glycogen, low energy availability, endurance training, long-distance runners, time to exhaustion, endurance capacity, muscle damage markers, hormonal regulation, weight loss, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle volume
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Glycogen, Heart Rate, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Running, Testosterone, Weight Loss, Respiratory Mechanics, Body Mass Index, Muscle, Skeletal, Cross-Over Studies, Lactic Acid, Young Adult, Physical Conditioning, Human
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