Twelve Months of Time-restricted Eating and Resistance Training Improves Inflammatory Markers and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
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Introduction: Recently, a modified intermittent fasting protocol was demonstrated to be able to maintain muscle mass and strength, decrease fat mass, and improve some inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy resistance-trained males after 2 months. The present study sought to investigate the long-term effects on these parameters. Methods: The experiment was a single-blind randomized study. Twenty healthy subjects were enrolled and underwent 12 months of either a time-restricted eating (TRE) diet or a normal diet (ND) protocol, along with resistance training. In the TRE protocol, subjects consumed their energy needs in three meals during an 8-h period of time each day (1 pm , 4 pm , and 8 pm ). Subjects in the ND group also had three meals, which were consumed at 8 am , 1 pm , and 8 pm . Groups were matched for kilocalories consumed and macronutrient distribution at baseline. Results: After 12 months of TRE, body mass, fat mass, insulin-like growth factor 1, and testosterone were significantly lower compared with ND. Moreover, inflammatory markers (interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor α), insulin sensitivity (fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index), and lipid profile (cholesterol, HDL, and LDL) significantly improved after TRE compared with ND. Finally, subjects in TRE spontaneously decreased their daily energy intake, whereas those in ND maintained their starting kilocalories per day. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Our results suggest that long-term TRE combined with a resistance training program is feasible, safe, and effective in reducing inflammatory markers and risk factors related to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Beneficial effects of resistance training in older men but not older women have been reported.
“Beneficial effects of RT in older men but not older women have been reported [39].”
From The Effect of Exercise Training on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
The Results (TRE and body composition; page unavailable) report increased strength after 12 months of resistance training in both diet groups, supporting the general point that training had benefits. The paper does not report a comparison of older men with older women, so it does not support the claimed age- and sex-specific difference. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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- Authors
- MORO, T., TINSLEY, G., PACELLI, F. Q., MARCOLIN, G., BIANCO, A., & PAOLI, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- Texas Tech University (US)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, ITALY
- University of Palermo (IT)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2021-07-09
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2577-2585
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-0315
- PMC
- PMC10115489
- OpenAlex
- W3184698953
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17
- FWCI
- 11.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- time-restricted eating, intermittent fasting, resistance training, inflammation, cardiometabolic risk factors, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, body composition, fat mass, testosterone, insulin-like growth factor I, energy intake, interleukin-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, long-term dietary intervention
- MeSH terms
- Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Energy Intake, Fasting, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Male, Body Mass Index, Single-Blind Method, Adiposity, Resistance Training
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