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Cited by 349Dietary Effects on HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans

Open access
Bhutani, Surabhi, Klempel, Monica C., Kroeger, Cynthia M., Trepanowski, John F., Varady, Krista A.·2013·Obesity
DOI 10.1002/oby.20353
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Abstract

Objective: This study examined whether the combination of alternate day fasting (ADF) plus exercise produces superior changes in body composition and plasma lipid levels when compared to each intervention alone. Design and Methods: Obese subjects (n = 64) were randomized to 1 of 4 groups for 12 weeks: 1) combination (ADF plus endurance exercise), 2) ADF, 3) exercise, or 4) control. Results: Body weight was reduced (P < 0.05) by 6 ± 4 kg, 3 ± 1 kg, and 1 ± 0 kg in the combination, ADF, and exercise groups, respectively. Fat mass and waist circumference decreased (P < 0.001), while lean mass was retained in the combination group. Low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased (12 ± 5%, P < 0.05) and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased (18 ± 9%, P < 0.05) in the combination group only. LDL particle size increased (P < 0.001) by 4 ± 1 Å and 5 ± 1 Å in the combination and ADF groups, respectively. The proportion of small HDL particles decreased (P < 0.01) in the combination group only. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the combination produces superior changes in body weight, body composition, and lipid indicators of heart disease risk, when compared to individual treatments.

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Crossref · 10.1002/oby.20353

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 53 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Total cholesterol was not affected by any intervention.

    “Total cholesterol was not affected by any intervention throughout the course of the trial.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Systolic blood pressure was reduced in the ADF group only by 3±1%.

    “Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was reduced (P < 0.05) in the ADF group only by 3 6 1% and 2 6 2%, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Fat-free mass was retained in all intervention groups.

    “Fat-free mass was retained in all the intervention groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Bioelectrical impedance analysis accurately measures fat mass and fat-free mass in this population.
  • Findingown data

    Less-pronounced decreases in waist circumference were noted in the exercise group (3±1 cm).

    “Less-pronounced decreases (P < 0.001) in waist circumference were also noted in the exercise group (3 6 1 cm).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Control and exercise group subjects maintained their regular food habits throughout the study.
  • Findingown data

    Triglyceride levels were not altered by any intervention.

    “Triglyceride levels were not altered by any intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 29
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 27

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    BMI decreased in all three intervention groups, with greater reductions in the combination group (2±0 kg/m2) than in the ADF group (1±0 kg/m2) and exercise group (1±0 kg/m2).

    “BMI also decreased (P < 0.05) in all three intervention groups, with greater reductions occurring in the combination group (2 6 0 kg/m 2 ), versus the ADF group (1 6 0 kg/m 2 ) and exercise group (1 6 0 kg/m 2 ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Control and exercise group subjects maintained their regular food habits throughout the study.
    • Rests on an assumption: Subjects in the ADF and combination groups adhered to the prescribed ad libitum feed day intake without compensatory overeating.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Waist circumference decreased by 8±1 cm and 5±1 cm in the combination and ADF groups.

    “Waist circumference decreased (P < 0.001) by 8 6 1 cm and 5 6 1 cm in both the combination and ADF groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Control and exercise group subjects maintained their regular food habits throughout the study.
    • Rests on an assumption: Subjects in the ADF and combination groups adhered to the prescribed ad libitum feed day intake without compensatory overeating.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Fat mass decreased in the combination group (5±1 kg) and ADF group (2±1 kg) only, with greater decreases in the combination group.

    “Fat mass decreased (P < 0.01) in the combination (5 6 1 kg) and ADF (2 6 1 kg) groups only, with greater decreases noted in the combination group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Control and exercise group subjects maintained their regular food habits throughout the study.
    • Rests on an assumption: Bioelectrical impedance analysis accurately measures fat mass and fat-free mass in this population.
    • Rests on an assumption: Subjects in the ADF and combination groups adhered to the prescribed ad libitum feed day intake without compensatory overeating.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Weight loss in the combination group (6±4 kg, 7±2% change from baseline) was greater than the weight loss in the ADF group (3±1 kg, 3±1% change) and exercise group (1±0 kg, 1±0% change).

    “However, weight loss in the combination group (6 6 4 kg, 7 6 2% change from baseline) was greater than the weight loss observed in ADF group (3 6 1 kg, 3 6 1% change from baseline) and exercise group (1 6 0 kg, 1 6 0% change from baseline).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Control and exercise group subjects maintained their regular food habits throughout the study.
    • Rests on an assumption: Subjects in the ADF and combination groups adhered to the prescribed ad libitum feed day intake without compensatory overeating.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In this trial, only the combination group showed a decrease in LDL cholesterol and an increase in HDL cholesterol.

    “In this study, only the combination intervention observed decreases in LDL cholesterol and increases in HDL cholesterol concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both the combination and alternate-day fasting groups showed increased LDL particle size and fewer small LDL particles after treatment.

    “Remarkably, both the combination and ADF groups experienced increases in LDL particle size and reductions in the proportion of small LDL particles post-treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At baseline, the alternate-day fasting group had lower LDL cholesterol (113 mg/dL) than the combination group (125 mg/dL), though the difference was not significant.

    “For instance, LDL cholesterol of ADF group at baseline (113 mg/dL) was lower (though not significantly) than that of the combination group (125 mg/dL).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The regimen also improved LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations and reduced the proportion of small LDL and HDL particles.

    “This lifestyle regimen also favorably altered LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations, and decreased the proportion of small LDL and HDL particles.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The combination therapy produced greater weight loss and fat loss than the alternate-day fasting and exercise groups while preserving lean mass.

    “For instance, the combination therapy produced greater weight loss and fat loss than the ADF-only and exercise-only groups, while eliciting retention of lean mass.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    There were more dropouts in the ADF group (n=9) and exercise group (n=8) than in the combination group (n=2) and control group (n=0).

    “There were a greater number of dropouts in the ADF (n ¼ 9) and exercise group (n ¼ 8) when compared to the combination (n ¼ 2) and control groups (n ¼ 0).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    An intention-to-treat analysis was performed for all variables measured.

    “An intention-to-treat analysis was performed for all variables measured.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study was a 12-week randomized controlled parallel-arm feeding trial testing ADF, exercise, and their combination on body weight, body composition, and CHD risk in obese adults.

    “A 12-week, randomized, controlled, parallel-arm feeding trial was implemented to test the effects of ADF, exercise, and ADF combined with exercise (combination group) on body weight, body composition, and CHD risk reduction in obese adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    There were sixteen completers in each group at the end of the study.

    “There were sixteen completers in each group at the end of the study (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Endurance exercise prevents the loss of lean mass.

    “Endurance exercise, on the contrary, has been shown to prevent the loss of lean mass, increase HDL cholesterol, decrease the proportion of small HDL particles, and augment visceral fat loss (10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Randomization was performed for each stratum by selecting an intervention at random from an opaque envelope.

    “Randomization was performed for each stratum by selecting an intervention at random from an opaque envelope.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    There were no between-group differences at baseline for age, sex, ethnicity, body weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, plasma lipids, or heart rate.

    “There were no between-group differences for age, sex, ethnicity, body weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, plasma lipids, or heart rate at baseline (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Longer-term trials of alternate day fasting showed greater weight loss (8% from baseline) and decreased visceral fat mass.

    “Longer-term trials of ADF have shown greater weight loss (i.e., 8% from baseline) and decreased visceral fat mass (7,8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Characteristics of dropouts were not significantly different from those of completers.

    “Characteristics of the dropouts (n ¼ 19, age: 36 6 3 years, weight: 95 6 3 kg, or BMI 35 6 1 kg/m 2 ), were not significantly different from those of the completers (age: 42 6 3 years, weight: 93 6 2 kg, or BMI 35 6 1 kg/m 2 ).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Normality was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and no variables were found to be not normal.

    “Normality was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.No variables were found to be not normal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values differed between groups at baseline.

    “Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, however, differed between groups at baseline (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Overweight and obesity are key risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease.

    “Overweight and obesity are key risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) (1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Alternate day fasting is effective in lowering body weight, visceral fat mass, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol levels.

    “Thus, ADF is effective in lowering body weight, visceral fat mass, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol levels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    During the second and third run of the trial, additional subjects were randomized to groups with high dropout rates (ADF and exercise) to ensure equal total numbers at the end.

    “During the second and third run of the trial, additional subjects were randomized to groups that had high dropout rates (i.e., the ADF and exercise groups).This ensured that the total number of subjects would be the same in each group at the end of the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Sample size was calculated as 18 subjects per group, assuming a 5% decrease in body weight in the combination and ADF groups, with 80% power and a 5% alpha risk.

    “Sample size was calculated as n ¼ 18 subjects per group, assuming a 5% decrease in body weight in the combination and ADF groups, with a power of 80% and an a risk of 5%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The combination and ADF groups were adherent with 81±7% and 80±9% of fast days during the 12-week study.

    “The combination and ADF groups were adherent with 81 6 7% and 80 6 9% of the fast days, during the 12-week study.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Eligible subjects were stratified by BMI, age, and sex, then randomized into one of four groups.

    “Eligible subjects were stratified on the basis of BMI, age, and sex, and then randomized into 1 of 4 groups: 1) combination group; 2) ADF group; 3) exercise group; 4) control group (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In an 8-week trial, LDL cholesterol, LDL particle size, and triglyceride levels improved significantly.

    “Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, LDL particle size, and triglyceride levels also improved significantly in this 8-week trial (7,9).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Three trials of alternate day fasting lasting 2-3 weeks demonstrated a 3% decrease in body weight and decreased triglyceride levels.

    “Three trials of ADF that ran for 2-3 weeks have demonstrated a decrease of 3% in body weight, in conjunction with decreased triglyceride levels (5,6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Different forms of dietary restriction, including alternate day fasting, are effective for weight loss and improving vascular health.

    “Different forms of dietary restriction, including alternate day fasting (ADF), have been shown to be effective for weight loss and improving vascular health (3,4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Compliance with the exercise intervention remained high, with the combination group attending 95±2% of sessions and the exercise group attending 94±1% of sessions.

    “Compliance with the exercise intervention remained high over the course of the study, with the combination group attending 95 6 2% of sessions, and the exercise group attending 94 6 1% of sessions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Exercise compliance assessed by attendance reflects actual exercise intensity and duration performed.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Keeping lean mass during weight loss maintains resting metabolic rate, which can support a higher hourly energy expenditure and greater weight loss.

    “More specifically, maintaining lean mass while dieting ensures that RMR will be kept high, which can allow for a higher hourly energy burning capacity and greater weight loss.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Subjects in the Redman et al. study lost a similar amount of weight (6%) after 12 weeks compared with subjects in this study (7%), despite exercising more frequently per week and for longer durations.

    “Interestingly, subjects in the Redman et al. (18) study lost a similar amount of weight (6%) after 12 weeks when compared with the subjects in this study (7%), despite exercising more frequently per week and for longer durations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    One possible explanation for the similar weight loss in both trials, despite different exercise prescriptions, may be the degree to which the subjects were supervised.

    “One possible explanation for the similar weight loss in both trials, despite the different exercise prescriptions, may be the degree to which the subjects were supervised.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    An increase in particle size without a fall in LDL cholesterol, as seen in the alternate-day fasting group, is uncommon but has been reported before.

    “This increase in particle size in the absence of reduced LDL cholesterol concentrations (as noted in the ADF group) is not common, but has been reported previously (38).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Short-term endurance exercise of up to 12 weeks has been reported to raise HDL cholesterol, though findings are inconsistent.

    “Short-term endurance exercise interventions ( 12 weeks), on the contrary, have been shown to increase HDL cholesterol levels (29,30), although results are not consistent (31,32).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [29] source

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    • cites [30] source

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    • cites [31] source

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    • cites [32] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    As such, energy intake balances out with energy expenditure, and little weight is lost as a result.

    “As such, energy intake balances out with energy expenditure, and little weight is lost as a result.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    How small HDL particles raise coronary heart disease risk is not firmly established, but may involve altered lipase activity in lipoprotein maturation and transformation.

    “The mechanisms that link small HDL particles to increased CHD risk have yet to be firmly established, but may involve the altered activity of lipases involved with the maturation and transformation of lipoproteins (39).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Another trial found that alternate-day fasting reduced lean mass.

    “another trial indicates a reduction in lean mass (8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The less-pronounced weight loss in the present trial may partly be explained by the use of an intention-to-treat analysis, which may have diluted the effect.

    “The less-pronounced weight loss in the present trial may partly be explained by the use of an intention-to-treat analysis, which may have diluted the effect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a recent study by Redman et al., obese men and women combined daily calorie restriction (25% reduction in energy intake) with a supervised endurance exercise program (5 days/week, 60-minute duration, moderate intensity), and after 12 weeks body weight was reduced by 6% from baseline.

    “In a recent study by Redman et al. (18), obese men and women participated in an intervention that combined daily CR (25% reduction in energy intake) with a supervised endurance exercise program (5 d/week, 60-min duration, moderate intensity).After 12 weeks of treatment, body weight was reduced by 6% from baseline (18).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The waist circumference results agree with earlier reports for alternate-day fasting and short-term exercise.

    “These findings for waist circumference are in line with what has been reported previously for ADF (27) and short-term exercise interventions (22,28).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [27] source

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    • cites [22] source

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    • cites [28] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    This result agrees with earlier 12-week endurance exercise trials.

    “This finding is in accordance with previous 12-week endurance exercise trials (21,26).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] source

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    • cites [26] source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In two recent trials of alternate day fasting that ran for 8 weeks, body weight was reduced by 8% and 6% from baseline, which is greater than the weight loss experienced in the present trial (3%).

    “For instance, in two recent trials of ADF that ran for 8 weeks, body weight was reduced by 8% (8) and 6% (7) from baseline, which is greater than the weight loss experienced in the present trial (3%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [8] source

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    • cites [7] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The literature on alternate-day fasting and lean mass is inconsistent.

    “On the contrary, the effects of ADF on lean mass are equivocal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] source

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    • cites [8] source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Possible mechanisms connecting small LDL particles to vascular events include greater oxidizability and increased passage through the endothelial barrier.

    “Potential mechanisms that link small LDL particles to increased risk of vascular events include augmented oxidizability (36) and increased permeability through the endothelial barrier (37).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [36] source

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    • cites [37] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    This minimal effect of exercise on body weight may be explained by the compensatory eating that generally occurs post-exercise training.

    “This minimal effect of exercise on body weight may be explained by the compensatory eating that generally occurs post-exercise training (23).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    This surge of hunger generally results in compensatory energy consumption that negates the extra energy expended with exercise.

    “This surge of hunger generally results in compensatory energy consumption that negates the extra energy expended with exercise (23).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    One study found possible lean mass retention after 8 weeks of alternate-day fasting.

    “Although one study indicates a possible retention in lean mass with 8 weeks of ADF (27)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The study measured fat mass and fat-free mass with BIA rather than a more robust method such as DXA.

    “Third, we used BIA to measure fat mass and fat free mass instead of a more robust method, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Bioelectrical impedance analysis may underestimate fat mass and overestimate fat-free mass in obese individuals.
49 of 49

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Control and exercise group subjects maintained their regular food habits throughout the study.

    “Control and exercise group subjects were asked to maintain their regular food habits and were not provided with any food or dietary counseling.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bioelectrical impedance analysis accurately measures fat mass and fat-free mass in this population.

    “Fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed each week in triplicate using a tetra-polar bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA; Omron HBF-500;Omron Health Care, Bannockburn, IL, USA).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Subjects in the ADF and combination groups adhered to the prescribed ad libitum feed day intake without compensatory overeating.

    “Throughout the 12-week study, combination and ADF group subjects consumed one meal on the fast day, and an ad libitum number of meals on the feed day.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Exercise compliance assessed by attendance reflects actual exercise intensity and duration performed.

    “Exercise compliance was assessed by recording attendance at each supervised exercise session.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bioelectrical impedance analysis may underestimate fat mass and overestimate fat-free mass in obese individuals.

    “BIA is limited in that it may underestimate fat mass and overestimate fat-free mass in obese individuals.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The subjects recruited from the University of Illinois, Chicago campus may differ from the general population in race, education, and income.

    “More specifically, the subjects that partook in the study may differ from the general population in terms of race, education, and income.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Claim of retained fat-free mass conflicts with ADF result

    Minor

    The paper says fat-free mass was retained in every intervention group, yet Table 3 reports a decrease in the ADF group with a within-group P-value of 0.031.

  • Self-selected feeding period has incompatible dates and duration

    Minor

    The diet protocol calls the self-selected period eight weeks long, but assigns it to weeks 8-12, a span of only five numbered weeks.

  • Control-group baseline waist measurements differ between tables

    Minor

    Table 2 gives the control group's baseline waist circumference as 99 cm, while Table 3 gives its week-1 value as 98 cm. The corresponding values agree for the other three groups.

  • Randomized sample size conflicts with baseline group counts

    Minor

    The abstract says 64 subjects were randomized, but the baseline group counts sum to 83. The results identify 64 as the number who completed the study, after 19 dropouts.

4 of 4

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 42 · Cited by 349

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Goldstein DJ, 1992, Beneficial health effects of modest weight loss, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 16, 397

Authors
Bhutani, S., Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., Trepanowski, J. F., & Varady, K. A.
Affiliations
University of Illinois Chicago (US)
Corresponding author
Bhutani, Surabhi
ORCID
Venue
Obesity
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2013-05-29
Volume
21
Issue
7
Pages
1370-1379
ISSN
  • 1930-7381 (ISSN-L)
  • 1930-739X
DOI
10.1002/oby.20353
OpenAlex
W1570547161
Cited by
349
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6
FWCI
7.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Obesity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords
alternate-day fasting, endurance exercise, weight loss, body composition, plasma lipids, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL particle size, HDL particle size, fat mass, lean body mass, waist circumference, heart disease risk
MeSH terms
Adult, Body Composition, Diet, Reducing, Exercise Therapy, Fasting, Female, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Triglycerides, Weight Loss, Waist Circumference

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-05.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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