The Broad Scope of Health Effects from Chronic Arsenic Exposure: Update on a Worldwide Public Health Problem
Open accessAbstract
Background: Concerns for arsenic exposure are not limited to toxic waste sites and massive poisoning events. Chronic exposure continues to be a major public health problem worldwide, affecting hundreds of millions of persons. Objectives: We reviewed recent information on worldwide concerns for arsenic exposures and public health to heighten awareness of the current scope of arsenic exposure and health outcomes and the importance of reducing exposure, particularly during pregnancy and early life. Methods: We synthesized the large body of current research pertaining to arsenic exposure and health outcomes with an emphasis on recent publications. Discussion: Locations of high arsenic exposure via drinking water span from Bangladesh, Chile, and Taiwan to the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) in drinking water is 10 µg/L; however, concentrations of > 3,000 µg/L have been found in wells in the United States. In addition, exposure through diet is of growing concern. Knowledge of the scope of arsenic-associated health effects has broadened; arsenic leaves essentially no bodily system untouched. Arsenic is a known carcinogen associated with skin, lung, bladder, kidney, and liver cancer. Dermatological, developmental, neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular, immunological, and endocrine effects are also evident. Most remarkably, early-life exposure may be related to increased risks for several types of cancer and other diseases during adulthood. Conclusions: These data call for heightened awareness of arsenic-related pathologies in broader contexts than previously perceived. Testing foods and drinking water for arsenic, including individual private wells, should be a top priority to reduce exposure, particularly for pregnant women and children, given the potential for life-long effects of developmental exposure.
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Long-term arsenic exposure is associated with a range of chronic health effects including hyperpigmentation, palmar and solar keratosis, diarrhoea and vomiting, skin changes and neuropathy, ischemic heart disease, confusion and memory loss, respiratory disease and a higher risk of diabetes.
“Other symptoms may include hyperpigmentation, palmar and solar keratosis, diarrhoea and vomiting, skin changes and neuropathy,36 ischemic heart disease, 38 confusion and memory loss,23 respiratory disease and a higher risk of diabetes.39,40”
The presence of arsenic in these skin lightening lotions may be due to the existence of the substances in the raw material used in manufacturing, the use of lower quality materials particularly fillers and pigments, or unintentional migration of the metal from wear and corrosion of metallic devices and machinery used in the manufacturing process.
“The presence of Arsenic in these skin lightening lotions, may be due to the existence of the substances in the raw material used in the manufacturing of the products as well the use of lower quality materials in its manufacture particularly fillers and pigments.23 Arsenic contamination may also be as a result of unintentional migration of the metal from wear and corrosion of metallic devices and”
From The Evaluation of Total Mercury and Arsenic in Skin Bleaching Creams Commonly used in Trinidad and Tobago and their Potential Risk to the People of the Caribbean (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
The Abstract discusses arsenic contamination from natural deposits and industrial activities, but not contamination of skin-lightening lotions. Searches for lotions, raw materials, fillers, pigments, and corrosion of manufacturing equipment found no passage addressing the proposed mechanisms. The Health Outcomes section discusses skin effects of arsenic exposure, not how arsenic enters lotions. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Environmental factors in cardiovascular disease
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- Authors
- Naujokas, M. F., Anderson, B., Ahsan, H., Aposhian, H. V., Graziano, J. H., Thompson, C., & Suk, W. A.
- Affiliations
- MDB Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Naujokas, Marisa F.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2013-01-03
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 295-302
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC3621177
- OpenAlex
- W1984580491
- Cited by
- 1,372
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 121 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 13
- FWCI
- 56.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 1821 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA102484, R01CA107431)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42 ES10349, P42ES010349)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Arsenic contamination and mitigation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Keywords
- chronic arsenic exposure, drinking water contamination, dietary arsenic, arsenic carcinogenesis, early life exposure, pregnancy, skin cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, cardiovascular effects, neurological effects, endocrine effects, immunological effects, respiratory effects
- MeSH terms
- Arsenic, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, Public Health, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Drinking Water
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