The Importance of the Biological Impact of Exposure to the Concept of the Exposome
Open accessAbstract
Background: The term “exposome” was originally coined in 2005 and defined as the totality of exposures throughout the lifetime. The exposome provides an excellent scientific framework for studying human health and disease. Recently, it has been suggested that how exposures affect our biology and how our bodies respond to such exposures should be part of the exposome. Objectives: The authors describe the biological impact of the exposome and outline many of the targets and processes that can be assessed as part of a comprehensive analysis of the exposome. Discussion: The processes that occur downstream from the initial interactions with exogenous and endogenous compounds determine the biological impact of exposures. If the effects are not considered in the same context as the exposures, it will be difficult to determine cause and effect. The exposome and biology are interactive—changes in biology due to the environment change one’s vulnerability to subsequent exposures. Additionally, highly resilient individuals are able to withstand environmental exposures with minimal effects to their health. We expect that the vast majority of exposures are transient, and chemicals underlying exposures that occurred weeks, months, or years ago are long gone from the body. However, these past chemical exposures often leave molecular fingerprints that may be able to provide information on these past exposures. Conclusions: Through linking exposures to specific biological responses, exposome research could serve to improve understanding of the mechanistic connections between exposures and health to help mitigate adverse health outcomes across the lifespan. Citation: Dennis KK, Auerbach SS, Balshaw DM, Cui Y, Fallin MD, Smith MT, Spira A, Sumner S, Miller GW. 2016. The importance of the biological impact of exposure to the concept of the exposome. Environ Health Perspect 124:1504–1510; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP140
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Environmental factors significantly influence gene expression and disease susceptibility through mechanisms such as epigenetic modifications, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
“While genetic predispositions play a significant role in shaping biological traits, environmental factors significantly influence gene expression and disease susceptibility through mechanisms such as epigenetic modifications, oxidative stress, and inflammation [2].”
From The Power of Environment: A Comprehensive Review of the Exposome's Role in Healthy Aging, Longevity, and Preventive Medicine-Lessons from Blue Zones and Cilento (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says environmental factors contribute significantly to disease and describes exposure-related epigenetic modifications and damage from reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Discussion > Technologies (page unavailable) also describes exposure-related changes in gene expression and epigenetic signatures. The paper mentions inflammation, but the retrieved passages do not establish it as a general mechanism linking environmental factors to gene expression and disease susceptibility. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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The need for a cancer exposome atlas: a scoping review
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Strengthening Causal Inference in Exposomics Research: Application of Genetic Data and Methods
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Cardiovascular risk posed by the exposome
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Advancing environmental epidemiologic methods to confront the cancer burden
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The Exposome in Toxicologic Pathology
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HERCULES: An Academic Center to Support Exposome Research
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Self-citationDermatokinetics: Advances and Experimental Models, Focus on Skin Metabolism
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Unravelling the Exposome: Conclusions and Thoughts for the Future
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Charting exposomethics: a roadmap for the ethical foundations of the human exposome project
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Emerging and Enabling Technologies in Biodefense
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Toward a more holistic approach to the study of exposures and child outcomes
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Framing Fetal and Early Life Exposome Within Epidemiology
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L’exposome, un concept holistique et utile
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Update: Looking Beyond the 100,000 Genome Project
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Environmental Exposure Measurements and Evaluations
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Implications of the Exposome for Frailty
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- Authors
- Dennis, K. K., Auerbach, S. S., Balshaw, D. M., Cui, Y., Fallin, M. D., Smith, M. T., Spira, A., Sumner, S., & Miller, G. W.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, and
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Boston University (US)
- RTI International (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Gary W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2016-06-03
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1504-1510
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC5047763
- OpenAlex
- W2466902048
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 574 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1u2ces026560-01)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U24DK097193)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (U2CES026544, U2C-ES026560, T32ES012870)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Keywords
- exposome, environmental exposure, molecular biomarkers, biological resilience, long-term exposure effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, Guidelines as Topic
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