Social disadvantage, genetic sensitivity, and children's telomere length
Open accessAbstract
Significance: This paper makes two contributions to research on the link between the social environment and health. Using data from a birth cohort study, we show that, among African American boys, those who grow up in highly disadvantaged environments have shorter telomeres (at age 9) than boys who grow up in highly advantaged environments. We also find that the association between the social environment and telomere length (TL) is moderated by genetic variation within the serotonin and dopamine pathways. Boys with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL when exposed to disadvantaged environments and the longest TL when exposed to advantaged environments. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document a gene–social environment interaction for TL, a biomarker of stress exposure.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 40 nine-year-old African American boys from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, exposure to disadvantaged social environments was associated with shorter telomere length (TL), and this association was moderated by genetic variants in serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Boys with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL in disadvantaged environments and the longest TL in advantaged environments, consistent with differential susceptibility.
Key findings
- Living in a disadvantaged environment was associated with 19% shorter TL (P = 0.02).
- A doubling of the family income/needs ratio was associated with a 5% increase in TL (P = 0.03); compared with mothers with less than high school education, having a mother with a high school degree was associated with a 32% increase in TL (P = 0.006), and at least some postsecondary education was associated with a 35% increase (P = 0.005). Multiple family structure changes were associated with a 40% decline in TL (P = 0.010), and a low parenting quality score was associated with a 3% decrease.
- Serotonin sensitivity score interactions with the social environment were significant (M1: b = −0.22, P = 0.016; M2: b = −0.21, P = 0.049); dopamine interactions were less definitive (M3: b = −0.18, P = 0.098; M4: b = −0.07, P = 0.18).
- Saliva and blood leukocyte TL were highly correlated (R = 0.72, P = 0.002), although saliva TL was greater than blood leukocyte TL [6.5 kb ± 1.8 SD vs. 4.2 kb ± 1.2 SD, P < 0.001].
Methods
- Data came from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; the analysis used 40 African American boys at age 9, selected from extreme environments: 20 from highly disadvantaged homes with maternal depression and 20 from advantaged homes without maternal depression.
- TL was measured from saliva DNA using a quantitative real-time PCR assay for absolute TL in kilobases per chromosome; environmental measures included economic conditions, parenting quality, family structure/stability, and maternal depression across five waves.
- Main analysis used robust ordinary least squares regression with Cook’s D and Huber weighting, plus gene-environment interaction models using serotonin and dopamine pathway genetic sensitivity scores.
Limitations
- The paper states that due to sample size limitations, it could not examine the independent effect of each environmental measure; pairwise tests showed SES measures were the strongest predictors of TL, while other coefficients declined dramatically when poverty ratio and mother’s education were included.
- Evident from the text: the sample is small (n = 40), restricted to African American boys, and selected for extreme environments, limiting power and generalizability.
- Evident from the text: TL was measured only at age 9, so the design cannot establish within-child changes in TL or causal direction, and the genetic sensitivity scores combine multiple variants with limited prior guidance on coding.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 25 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Saliva DNA telomere length is highly and significantly correlated with blood leukocyte telomere length.
“However, saliva and leukocyte DNA lengths were highly and significantly correlated (R = 0.72, P = 0.002) (Fig. S3).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“we use a saliva DNA source of TL, which we show to be highly correlated with blood leukocyte TL”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
- Findingown data
Having a mother with at least some postsecondary education is associated with a 35% increase in telomere length compared with having a mother with less than a high school education.
“and having a mother with at least some postsecondary education is associated with a 35% increase in TL (P = 0.005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Exposure to disadvantaged environments is associated with reduced telomere length by age 9 in African American boys.
“We report that exposure to disadvantaged environments is associated with reduced TL by age 9 y.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Model 1 (M1) of Table 2 shows that living in a disadvantaged environment was associated with a 19% shorter TL (P = 0.02).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Our analysis provides evidence that exposure to disadvantaged environments in childhood is associated with shorter TL.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
SES measures were the strongest predictors of telomere length.
“we tested the measured variables pairwise and found that the SES measures were the strongest predictors of TL.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Being exposed to multiple changes in family structure is associated with a 40% decline in a boy's telomere length.
“model 4 shows that being exposed to multiple changes in family structure was associated with a 40% decline in a boy's TL (P = 0.010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Among children with 0 sensitizing serotonin genotypes, there is little difference in telomere length between children in advantaged and disadvantaged environments.
“Fig. 1, Upper shows that, among children with 0 sensitizing serotonin genotypes, there is little difference in TL between children in advantaged and disadvantaged environments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The negative association between the social environment and telomere length is stronger for boys with dopaminergic pathway genetic variants most associated with higher environmental sensitivity.
“Although less definitive than in the case of the serotonergic pathway, the negative association between the social environment and TL is stronger for boys with dopaminergic pathway genetic variants most associated with higher levels environmental sensitivity (M3: b = -0.18,P value = 0.098; M4: b = -0.07,P value = 0.18).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among children with 2+ sensitizing serotonin genotypes, there is a large difference in telomere length between advantaged and disadvantaged environments.
“However, for children with higher levels of genetic sensitivity (i.e., those with 2+ sensitizing genotypes), we see a large difference.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Telomere length was significantly greater in saliva than in blood leukocyte-derived DNA.
“Telomere length was significantly greater in saliva than in blood leukocyte-derived DNA [6.5 kb ± 1.8 SD (saliva) vs. 4.2 kb ± 1.2 SD (peripheral mononuclear blood cells) P < 0.001] (Fig. S2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For boys with 1 and 2+ sensitizing dopamine genotypes, there is a large and significant difference in telomere length by environment, with boys with sensitizing genotypes having longer telomere length in advantaged environments and shorter telomere length in disadvantaged environments.
“whereas for boys with 1 and 2+ sensitizing dopamine genotypes, there is a large and significant difference by environment, with boys with sensitizing genotypes having the longer TL in advantaged environments and the shorter TL in disadvantaged environments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A low score on the parenting quality index is associated with a 3% decrease in a boy's telomere length.
“Model 3 shows that a low score on the parenting quality index was associated with a 3% decrease in a boy's TL.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Having a mother with a high school degree is associated with a 32% increase in a child's telomere length compared with having a mother with less than a high school education.
“Compared with children of mothers with less than a high school education, having a mother with a high school degree is associated with a 32% increase in a child's TL (P = 0.006)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There is a significant interaction between the social environment and the serotonin sensitivity score on telomere length.
“Model 1 and model 2 of Table 3 suggest a significant interaction between the social environmental and the serotonin sensitivity score (M1: b = -0.22,P value = 0.016; M2: b = -0.21,P value = 0.049)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A doubling of the family income/needs ratio is associated with a 5% increase in telomere length among the boys.
“Model 2 (M2) shows that a doubling of the family income/needs ratio was associated with a 5% increase in the boys' TL (P = 0.03).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Family socioeconomic status is positively associated with telomere length in children.
“Here we were able to replicate the positive association between family socioeconomic status (SES) and TL (8, 9, 17, 26) for a sample of children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Findingown data
The effects of social environment on telomere length are moderated by genetic variants in serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways.
“These effects were moderated by genetic variants in serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways.”
- Also stated in: § Significance · plain
“We also find that the association between the social environment and telomere length (TL) is moderated by genetic variation within the serotonin and dopamine pathways.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Significance · plain
- Findingown data
For boys with 0 sensitizing dopamine genotypes, there is only a small, insignificant difference in telomere length by environment.
“for boys with 0 sensitizing dopamine genotypes, there is only a small, insignificant difference in TL by environment”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The coefficients for other variables declined dramatically with the inclusion of poverty ratio and mother's education.
“Although the other variables maintained the same pattern of association, the coefficients declined dramatically with the inclusion of poverty ratio and mother's education.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Family economic status is a significant predictor of a boy's telomere length measured in middle childhood.
“In sum, family economic status was a significant predictor of a boy's TL measured in middle childhood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Saliva DNA is a valid indicator of telomere length.
“That saliva DNA is a valid indicator of TL makes it easier and less expensive for researchers to collect samples of TL at multiple points in time”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
An individual's genetic architecture moderates the magnitude and direction of the physiological response to exogenous stressors.
“We suggest that an individual's genetic architecture moderates the magnitude and direction of the physiological response to exogenous stressors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
This finding implies a genetically encoded differential sensitivity to the environment using telomere length as the biomarker.
“This finding implies a genetically encoded differential sensitivity to the environment using TL as the biomarker (13-15).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Chronic stress is a key mechanism explaining the association between disadvantaged social environments and adverse health outcomes.
“A key mechanism for explaining this association is chronic stress, which is believed to degrade physiological functioning (3)(4)(5)(6)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Some measures of social standing and social deprivation are associated with telomere length.
“some measures of social standing and social deprivation have also been found to be associated with TL (8,9,17,26).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Study design and conductown data
The distribution of specific genotypes did not differ significantly between subjects in harsh and nourishing environments.
“The distribution of specific genotypes did not differ significantly between subjects in harsh and nourishing environments (Table S1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The 12-repeat allele of STin2 is associated with reduced transcription compared with the 10-repeat allele.
“compared with the 10-repeat allele, the 12-repeat allele is also associated with reduced transcription (35).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The DAT1 C allele is associated with reduced transcription of the DAT1 gene.
“The DAT1 variant (rs40184, intron 14) is a SNP, and the C allele is associated with reduced transcription of the DAT1 gene (41).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Stress appears to augment replicative telomere shortening.
“stress appears to augment replicative TL shortening, perhaps by promoting nonenzymatic hydrolysis of telomere base pairs (11,18).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- May combine two claims. 3
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe most sensitive group has longer telomere length in the advantaged environment and shorter telomere length in the disadvantaged environment.
“the point estimates suggest that the most sensitive group has the longer TL in the advantaged environment and the shorter TL in the disadvantaged environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataRobust ordinary least squares regression was used to address concerns of outliers and influential data points in a sample of 40.
“Due to concerns of outliers and influential data points in a sample of 40, we use robust ordinary least squares (OLS) regression (using Cook's D and Huber weighting), which is 95% as efficient as traditional OLS (28).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28]
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationDisadvantaged social environments are associated with adverse health outcomes.
“Disadvantaged social environments are associated with adverse health outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataBody mass index did not differ between harsh and nourishing environments.
“Body mass index (BMI) did not differ between harsh and nourishing environments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenDistribution of samples in the 96-well plates was randomized, and each plate contained at least 10 repeats from prior runs to detect and limit potential batch effects.
“Distribution of samples in the 96-well plates was randomized, and each plate contains at least 10 repeats from prior runs to detect and limit potential batch effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningReference DNA was included in each plate to mitigate batch effects.
“To mitigate batch effects, reference DNA from a tel-cell line and the same line after stable integration of tel were included in each plate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe S allele of 5-HTTLPR is associated with reduced transcription compared with the L allele.
“Compared with the L allele, the S allele of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism has been shown to be associated with reduced transcription (34).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenSamples were measured in triplicate and the results were averaged.
“Samples are measured in triplicate and the results are averaged.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe Met allele of COMT Val158Met decreases COMT activity.
“the Met allele of the Val158 Met polymorphism (rs4680) is known to decrease COMT activity (43).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningTelomere length was normalized by reference to assure plate-to-plate consistency.
“Telomere length was normalized by this reference to assure plate-to-plate consistency.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataDue to sample size limitations, the independent effect of each environmental measure could not be examined.
“Due to sample size limitations, we were not able to examine the independent effect of each of these measures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe models controlled for age of the mother and age 9 standardized BMI.
“The models in Table 3 present estimates of the main and interaction effects of dopamine and serotonin pathway genes and the environmental factor for a boy's TL, controlling for age of the mother and age 9 standardized BMI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationBoys may be more sensitive than girls to negative family conditions.
“we focused on boys because prior research indicates that boys may be more sensitive than girls to negative family conditions (14).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSpecific gene variants moderate the association between the social environment and children's health and well-being.
“A growing body of research shows that specific gene variants moderate the association between the social environment and children's health and well-being (13-15).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe coefficient of variation of a standard was 10% across approximately 100 96-well plates.
“The coefficient of variation of a standard (DNA from a 40-y-old female) was 10% across ∼100, 96-well plates.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent data suggest that 'high risk' genetic polymorphisms in the serotonin and dopamine systems may interact with early life adversity to affect adult LTL.
“For example, recent data suggest that “high risk” genetic polymorphisms in the serotonin and dopamine systems may interact with early life adversity to affect adult LTL (Mitchell et al., 2014).”
From Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging (2015) · cites this paper as Mitchell et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Harsh parenting is called significant despite an unmarked estimate
MajorThe paper claims a significant association for harsh parenting, but its Table 2 coefficient has no significance marker, unlike estimates meeting the table's stated P < 0.05 threshold.
“In addition, we were able to document significant associations between family structure/stability and TL and harsh parenting and TL.”
“| Harsh parenting index | -0.03 |”
Education P values conflict with Table 2 significance markers
MinorThe reported P values of 0.006 and 0.005 do not meet the P < 0.001 threshold assigned to both education estimates by the table's double-asterisk marker.
“having a mother with a high school degree is associated with a 32% increase in a child's TL (P = 0.006), and having a mother with at least some postsecondary education is associated with a 35% increase in TL (P = 0.005).”
“| High school | 0.32** | | At least some college | 0.35** | | *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, one-tailed. | |”
Education measure says four categories but lists three
MinorThe description announces four education categories but enumerates only three; Table 1 likewise displays three.
“To measure the mother's completed education, we used four categories:”
“(i) less than high school, (ii) high school graduate, and (iii) at least some college.”
Dopamine 2+ group is called significant and borderline
MinorThe results call the environmental difference significant for boys with 2+ sensitizing dopamine genotypes, whereas the figure description calls that group's P = 0.08 result borderline.
“for boys with 1 and 2+ sensitizing dopamine genotypes, there is a large and significant difference by environment”
“For the dopamine pathway genotypes, the environment difference is not significant for 0 genotypes (P = 0.63), significant for 1 genotype (P = 0.05), and borderline for 2+ genotypes (P = 0.08).”
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Telomere dynamics may link stress exposure and ageing across generations
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“…childhood socio-economic status (SES) and telomere length (e.g., Adams et al., 2007; Carroll, Diez-Roux, Adler & Seeman, 2013; Cohen et al., 2013; Mitchell et al., 2014; Robertson et al., 2012; Needham et al., 2012, 2013) on the basis that SES in the studies included high as well as low status…”
BackgroundShort telomere length is associated with impaired cognitive performance in European ancestry cohorts
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Processes Linking Religious Involvement and Telomere Length
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The Biology of Social Adversity Applied to Oral Health
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Neighborhood Disadvantage and Telomere Length: Results from the Fragile Families Study
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Self-citationTraffic-Related Air Pollution and Telomere Length in Children and Adolescents Living in Fresno, CA
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p53‐Dependent Mitochondrial Compensation in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Self-citationEvaluating minimally invasive sample collection methods for telomere length measurement
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Toro, J. D., Fine, A., Wang, M., Thomas, A., Schneper, L. M., Mitchell, C. M., Mincy, R. B., McLanahan, S., & Notterman, D. A. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.08.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationWhisman, M. A., Robustelli, B. L., & Sbarra, D. A. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.029 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Massey, D. S. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620083114 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mian, O., Belsky, D. W., Cohen, A. A., Anderson, L. N., Gonzalez, A., Ma, J., Sloboda, D. M., Bowdish, D. M., & Verschoor, C. P. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105821 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Impact of Stress on Health in Childhood and Adolescence in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cianfarani, S., & Pampanini, V. (2021) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000517460 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Jones‐Mason, K., Allen, I. E., Bush, N. R., & Hamilton, S. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.480 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lai, K. Y., Webster, C. J., Kumari, S., Gallacher, J., & Sarkar, C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32974-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Patterns of change in telomere length over the first three years of life in healthy children
Enlow, M. B., Kane‐Grade, F., Vivo, I. D., Petty, C. R., & Nelson, C. A. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104602 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mitchell, C., Hobcraft, J., McLanahan, S. S., Siegel, S. R., Berg, A., Brooks-Gunn, J., Garfinkel, I., & Notterman, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of York (GB)
- Princeton University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Teachers College and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
- Columbia University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-04-07
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 5944-5949
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4000782
- OpenAlex
- W2120746465
- Semantic Scholar
- 66f55e89c17862e11c3ec313881d79ab792be518
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 12 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 26.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania State University
- Penn State Clinical and Translational Science Institute
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000127, TL1TR000125)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD 36916, R01 HD 40421, R01HD39135)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (TL1 TR00012503)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD40421, R01-HD36916, R01 HD39135, R24HD047879, R01HD039135, R01HD36916, R01HD39135, and R01HD40421, R01HD076592, R24HD058486, R01HD036916, R01HD040421)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- telomere length, social deprivation, chronic stress, differential susceptibility hypothesis, genetic susceptibility, African American children, low income, maternal education, family structure, harsh parenting, serotonergic pathways, dopaminergic pathways, stress biomarkers, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Dopamine, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Serotonin, Social Environment, Signal Transduction, Vulnerable Populations, Telomere Homeostasis, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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