Cited by 133Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse and Adult Vulnerability to PTSD: The Mediating Effects of Attachment and Dissociation

Twaite, James A., Rodriguez-Srednicki, Ofelia·2004·Journal of Child Sexual Abuse

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Abstract

Two hundred and eighty-four adults from the metropolitan New York area reported on their history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), childhood physical abuse (CPA), and on the nature of their exposure to the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. The respondents also completed the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Those reporting histories of CSA and/or CPA were found to endorse more serious symptoms of PTSD, as did those who witnessed the terrorist attack live. The presence of secure attachments and dissociative symptoms were related significantly to both CSA and CPA, and to scores on the IES-R. Adult attachment and dissociation were found to mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and severity of PTSD.

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Gallo-Silver, L. P., Anderson, C. M., & Romo, J. (2014) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/14-009 · Cited by 21
“For survivors of sexual abuse, feelings of powerlessness can be pivotal.(26) The power differential between the physician and patient, added to the anxiety and fear a person may have about one’s medical condition and symptoms, can render the health care environment particularly stressful to a person who feels emotiona…”
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and HIV Risk Behaviors among Rural American Indian/Alaska Native Women
Pearson, C. R., Kaysen, D. L., Belcourt, A., Stappenbeck, C. A., Zhou, C., Smartlowit-Briggs, L., & Whitefoot, P. (2015) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.2203.2015.1 · Cited by 20
“…sexual abuse has been associated with increased risk of developing PTSD (Cook et al., 2011; Duran et al., 2004, 2009; Ginzburg et al., 2009; Twaite & Rodriguez-Srednicki, 2004; Widom, 1999), engaging in subsequent HIV sexual risk behaviors, and HIV transmission (Greenberg, 2001; Wyatt et…”
The Influence of Childhood Adversity on Rural Black Men’s Sexual Risk Behavior
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“Studies also have identified the mediating role of relational schemas in linking childhood adversity to a range of problematic adult outcomes, including psychological distress, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (52, 56, 57).”
Background
Attachment Dimensions and Post-traumatic Symptoms Following Interpersonal Traumas versus Impersonal Traumas in Young Adults in Taiwan
Huang, Y., Chen, S., Su, Y., & Kung, Y. (2016) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2702 · Cited by 20
“…violence (Bifulco, Kwon, Moran, Bunn, & Beer, 2006; Elwood & Williams, 2007; Fowler, Allen, Oldham, & Frueh, 2013; Sandberg, Suess, & Heaton, 2010; Twaite & Rodriquez-Srendnicki, 2004), indicating that attachment insecurity would account for greater PTSD symptoms following interpersonal traumas.”
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Sri Lankan University Students as a Consequence of Their Exposure to Family Violence
Haj‐Yahia, M. M., Tishby, O., & de Zoysa, P. (2008) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260508327699 · Cited by 19
“Variables that have been found to mediate the effects of PTSD include secure versus insecure attachment to adults in the family (Twaite & Rodriguez, 2004), level of peritraumatic emotional responses (fear, helplessness, guilt, self-blame; Keane, Marshall, & Taft, 2006; Ullman, 2007), and…”
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Insecure attachment orientations and posttraumatic stress in a female treatment-seeking sample of survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A cross-lagged panel study.
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Impact of a Terrorist Attack on the Mental Health of Directly Exposed French Adolescents: Study Protocol for the First Step of the AVAL Cohort Study
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“People who experienced previous traumatic events are more likely to develop PTSD (18, 22, 23) when exposed to a new one.”
Background
The Missing Link between Juvenile Delinquency and Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Attachment Theory Lens
Amatya, P. L., & Barzman, D. H. (2012) · ISRN Pediatrics · doi:10.5402/2012/134541 · Cited by 16
“Unhealthy attachment styles have been correlated to greater PTSD symptoms in adults [9, 10], and Scheeringa and Zeanah [11] review 17 studies which consistently found undesirable parental variables linked to elevated child PTSD or other detrimental symptoms following trauma.”
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The Explanation of Resilience within Attachment Model Among Adults with Earthquake Experience
Karaırmak, Ö., & Güloğlu, B. (2014) · Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal · doi:10.14812/cufej.2014.0010 · Cited by 16
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Vicarious Traumatisation: Working with Clients of Probation Services
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“It burns her more than it burns for me”: The sibling subsystem in the context of child physical abuse as portrayed by children during forensic interviews
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Exposure to potentially traumatic events and PTSD symptomatology in Norwegian 11–13-year-olds: results from the Bergen Child Study
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“Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most severe potential outcomes following PTE exposure [52].”
BackgroundInfluential
Cognitive appraisal of exposure to specific types of trauma - a study of gender differences
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“Other studies significantly support that sex differences related to types of traumatic exposure influence posttraumatic coping [10, 12, 43–46]; however, events assessed in those studies – sexual abuse [6, 7, 9], domestic violence [10], exposure to war [17–20] or disasters [21, 44, 47] – not only are different than tho…”
Background
Experiences and Outcomes of Adults Who Endured Maltreatment as Children in Care in Australia in the Twentieth Century
Fernández, E., & Lee, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57990-0_20 · Cited by 10
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“In some studies, social support emerged as a key protective factor that explains the positive trajectories in the aftermath of abuse (Afifi & MacMillan, 2011; Esposito & Clum, 2002; Twaite & Rodriguez-Srednicki, 2004).”
Background
Prior adversities predict posttraumatic stress reactions in adolescents following the Oslo Terror events 2011
Nordanger, D. Ø., Breivik, K., Haugland, B. S. M., Lehmann, S., Mæhle, M. O., Braarud, H. C., & Hysing, M. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23159 · Cited by 9
“Our study confirms former research that suggests increased vulnerability to posttraumatic stress reactions after subsequent trauma in general (Breslau et al., 2008) and to terror in particular (Bonanno et al., 2007; Twaite & Rodriguez-Srednicki, 2004) among prior trauma victims.”
BackgroundResult
Severity of post-traumatic stress disorder and childhood abuse in adult crime victims as mediated by low resilience and dysfunctional coping strategies
Kim, M., Hong, G., Kim, R. Y., Song, Y., Lee, H., Joo, Y., Kim, J., & Yoon, S. J. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105154 · Cited by 10
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“The FMHP should likely bear in mind that research that suggests that early life abuse sets the stage for greater stress-sensitivity (Harkness et al., 2006) and the development of post-traumatic reactions in the face of additional traumas (Twaite & Rodriguez-Srednicki, 2004).”
Fear of pain as a predictor of concurrent and downstream PTSD symptoms
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Comparison of functional dyspepsia with organic dyspepsia in terms of attachment patterns
Sahan, H. E., Yıldırım, E. A., Soylu, A., Tabakcı, A. S., Cakmak, S., & Erkoç, Ş. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.02.007 · Cited by 7
Get secure soon: attachment in abused adolescents and young adults before and after trauma-focused cognitive processing therapy.
Rimane, E., Steil, R., Renneberg, B., & Rosner, R. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01637-x · Cited by 9
Trauma Assessment in Personal Injury and Employment Discrimination Cases
Foote, W. E. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33106-1_13 · Cited by 6
Influence of Childhood Abuse and Gender on Relationship Adjustment
Miskiewicz, J., Ramisch, J., Shi, L., Surjadi, F. F., & Teeruthroy, V. T. (2016) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-016-0080-5 · Cited by 5
Vulnerability to alcohol use disorders following early sexual abuse: The role of effortful control
Klanecky, A. K., & McChargue, D. E. (2012) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2012.703269 · Cited by 5
The shielding effect of not responding: Peritraumatic responses to child abuse and their links to posttraumatic symptomatology
Tsur, N., Katz, C., & Talmon, A. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105224 · Cited by 5
Resilience as Mediator in Relation to Parental Attachment and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescents Following the Yancheng Tornado
Zhou, H., Hu, Y., Cheng, X., & Sun, X. (2023) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045231160639 · Cited by 5
“Numerous studies con ﬁ rmed the negative correlation between secure parental attachment style and the level of PTSD (Armour et al., 2011; Benoit et al., 2010; Miller, 1999; Twaite & Rodriguez-Srednicki, 2004).”
Background
SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE
Pereda, N. (2009) · Cited by 5
Forensic Psychological Harm in Victims of Child Sexual Abuse: A Meta-analytic Review
Cea, B., Montes, Á., Trinidad, A., & Fernández, R. A. (2025) · The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context · doi:10.5093/ejpalc2025a10 · Cited by 5
The Association Between the Report of Abuse in Childhood and Perceptions of Safety in Current Adult Intimate Relationships
Novak, J. R., Smith, D. B., & Sandberg, J. G. (2015) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2015.1080129 · Cited by 4
“Twaite and Rodriguez-Srednicki (2004) argued that the inability to form and maintain these positive relationships would increase the impact of the traumatic experience.”
Background
Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Female Adults: Which is the Role Played by Romantic Attachment?
Simonelli, A., & Sacchi, C. (2016) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/65367 · Cited by 3
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Prevalence and Correlates of Disability Among a Sample of Victimized Women on Probation and Parole
Smith, K. E., Bunting, A. M., Golder, S., Hall, M. T., Higgins, G. E., & Logan, T. (2019) · Journal of Correctional Health Care · doi:10.1177/1078345819833387 · Cited by 6
“…risk for acquiring adult morbidities (Danese et al., 2009), including complex presentations of PTSD (Cloitre et al., 2009; Green et al., 2016; Twaite & Rodriguez-Srednicki, 2004), further indicating that women who have experienced victimization are in need gender-specific, trauma-informed…”
Background
Impact of Childhood Trauma on Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms and Dissociation: Mediating Effect of Bullying
Kong, S. S., & Bae, J. H. (2013) · Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.12934/jkpmhn.2013.22.3.193 · Cited by 3
Investigation of the correlation between childhood trauma, psychological well-being, and altruistic fear of crime of mothers with children aged three to six years
Deleş, B., & Sarp, N. (2021) · Research in Pedagogy · doi:10.5937/istrped2101124d · Cited by 3
The relationship between adult attachment and trauma
Earls, L. (2010) · Cited by 3
Bağlanma ve Psikopatoloji Attachment and Psychopathology
Kesebir, S. (2011) · Cited by 3
Personality and Adaptation to Military Trauma
Rademaker, A. R. (2005) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 3
A cognitive perspective on attachment: the functioning of the internal working model and connections with the cognitive schema theory
Bosmans, G. (2009) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 3

Authors: Twaite, J. A., & Rodriguez-Srednicki, O.
Affiliations: Team Neurodynamics (United States) (US)
Montclair State University (US)
Venue: Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2004-08-13
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-38
ISSN: 1053-8712 (ISSN-L)
1547-0679
DOI: 10.1300/j070v13n01_02
OpenAlex: W2125746085
Cited by: 132
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 2.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Child Sexual Abuse (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: child sexual abuse, child physical abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, adult attachment, dissociation, secure attachment, mediation, World Trade Center attacks, trauma exposure, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Dissociative Experiences Scale
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Dissociative Disorders, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, New York City, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Time Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Survivors, Terrorism

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Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse and Adult Vulnerability to PTSD: The Mediating Effects of Attachment and Dissociation

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