Cited by 109Bone fractures and treatmentsSmoking Behavior and CessationBone health and osteoporosis research

Tobacco and bone fractures: A review of the facts and issues that every orthopaedic surgeon should know

Open access
Hernigou, J., Schuind, F.·2019·Bone & Joint Research

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to review the impact of smoking tobacco on the musculoskeletal system, and on bone fractures in particular. Methods: English-language publications of human and animal studies categorizing subjects into smokers and nonsmokers were sourced from MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS. This review specifically focused on the risk, surgical treatment, and prevention of fracture complications in smokers. Results: Smokers have an increased risk of fracture and experience more complications with delayed bone healing, even if they have already stopped smoking, because some adverse effects persist for a prolonged period. Some risks can be reduced during and after surgery by local and general prevention, and smoking cessation is an important factor in lessening this risk. However, if a patient wants to stop smoking at the time of a fracture, the cessation strategies in reducing tobacco use are not easy to implement. The patient should also be warned that using e-cigarettes or other tobaccos does not appear to reduce adverse effects on health. Conclusion: The evidence reviewed in this study shows that smoking has a negative effect in terms of the risk and treatment of fractures. Cite this article: J. Hernigou, F. Schuind. Tobacco and bone fractures: A review of the facts and issues that every orthopaedic surgeon should know. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:255–265. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.86.BJR-2018-0344.R1.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1302/2046-3758.86.bjr-2018-0344.r1

Cites

147 of 147 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Inhalation of the mixture of components present in tobacco smoke has negative effects on the immune system, both locally and peripherally.

    “In fact, the inhalation of the mixture of components present in tobacco smoke has negative effects on the immune system, both locally and peripherally [50].”
  • Smoking promotes infection of surgical wounds, and this complication appears related to nicotine and carbon monoxide.

    “Smoking is known to promote the infection of surgical wounds; this complication appears to be related to nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO), which are the main substances predisposing patients to wound infection [50].”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [15]Brandt A The cigarette, risk, and American culture. Daedalus 1990; 119: 155- 176.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hernigou, J., & Schuind, F.
Affiliations
  • Epicura (BE)
  • Erasmus Hospital (BE)
Corresponding author
Hernigou, J.
Venue
Bone & Joint Research
Published
2019-06
Volume
8
Issue
6
Pages
255-265
ISSN
2046-3758 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2955580883
Cited by
109
References
147
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10
FWCI
7.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Bone and Joint Research (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Bone fractures and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Keywords
smoking, tobacco use, bone fractures, fracture risk, delayed bone healing, fracture complications, smoking cessation, electronic cigarettes, fracture surgery

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review