Skin aging induced by ultraviolet exposure and tobacco smoking: evidence from epidemiological and molecular studies
Abstract
Background: Tobacco smoking, similar to ultraviolet (UV) A radiation exposure, has previously been identified as an important factor contributing to premature aging of human skin. Objective and design: To investigate the relationship between these two environmental factors, we have conducted a cross‐sectional study of 83 subjects (48 males, 35 females, age range 23–95), in which sun exposure, pack‐years of smoking history and potential confounding variables were assessed by questionnaire. Facial wrinkles were quantified using the Daniell score. In order to study the molecular mechanism by which smoking caused wrinkle formation, in vitro studies were conducted to assess the alteration of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) mRNA expression in human fibroblasts stimulated with tobacco smoke extract or/and UVA. Results: Logistic statistic analysis of the data revealed that age [odds ratio (OR)=7.5, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.87–30.16], pack‐years (OR=5.8, 95% CI=1.72–19.87), and sun exposure (OR=2.65, 95% CI=1.0–7.0) independently contributed to facial wrinkle formation. When excessive sun exposure (>2 h/day) and heavy smoking (35 pack‐years) occurred together, the risk for developing wrinkles was 11.4 times higher than that of non‐smokers and those with less sun exposure (<2 h/day) at the same age. The in vitro studies revealed that MMP‐1 expression was significantly increased in fibroblasts after the stimulation with either tobacco smoke extract or UVA. Maximum induction was observed when cells were treated with tobacco smoke extract plus UVA, indicating that the two factors act in an additive manner. MMP‐1 induction was significantly higher in the low glutathione (GSH) content fibroblast compared to that in the high GSH fibroblast, indicating that the differences in glutathione content define the susceptibility of fibroblasts towards UV‐ or tobacco smoking‐induced MMP‐1 expression. Conclusion: Tobacco smoke and UVA cause wrinkle formation independently of each other. We propose that both factors cause aging of human skin through additive induction of MMP‐1 expression.
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In humans, more smokers exposed to sunlight present facial wrinkles (N=12) than either smoking (N=9) or sun-exposed subjects (N=34) alone.
“In humans, more smokers exposed to sunlight present facial wrinkles (N = 12) than either smoking (N = 9) or sun‐exposed subjects (N = 34) alone.56”
From The impact of airborne pollution on skin (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
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Dimitrov, A., Zanini, M., Zucchi, H., Boudah, S., Lima, J., Sœur, J., & Marrot, L. (2021) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14315 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Epidemiology and determinants of facial telangiectasia: a cross‐sectional study
Mekić, S., Hamer, M. A., Wigmann, C., Gunn, D. A., Kayser, M., Jacobs, L. C., Schikowski, T., Nijsten, T. E. C., & Pardo, L. M. (2019) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.15996 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Donato, L., Cecchi, R., Dagoli, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102614 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Histological study on the effect of nicotine on adult male guinea pig thin skin
Eltony, S. A., & Ali, S. S. (2017) · Anatomy & Cell Biology · doi:10.5115/acb.2017.50.3.187 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“187 miological studies tobacco smoking has been identified as an important factor in premature skin aging [6-8].”
BackgroundA Dermatologist's Ammunition in the War Against Smoking: A Photoaging App
Brinker, T. J., Enk, A. H., Gatzka, M., Nakamura, Y., Sondermann, W., Omlor, A., Petri, M. P., Karoglan, A., Seeger, W., Klode, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.8743 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Skin damage due to smoking that is culturally associated with a decrease in attractiveness (ie, wrinkles, early hair loss, declined capillary perfusion, pale or grayish skin [7-9]) predominantly affects the self-concept of young people with low education [1], who are at significantly greater risk for tobacco addiction…”
BackgroundTelangiectasia of the face: risk factors for reappearance in patients treated with dye laser
Guida, S., Galimberti, M., Bencini, M., Pellacani, G., & Bencini, P. L. (2016) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.14088 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Müller, K.-C., Paasch, K., Feindt, B., Welker, L., Watz, H., Weise, M., Schmid, R. A., Nakashima, M., Branscheid, D., MAGNUSSEN, H., et al. (2008) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.12.011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The effect is enhanced by sunlight (Yin et al., 2001), but alterations of elastic tissue properties also occur in sun-protected areas (Frances et al., 1991; Helfrich et al., 2007).”
BackgroundAcquired Disorders of Dermal Connective Tissue
Lovell, C. R. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118441213.rtd0097 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yun, J., & Kim, J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16234156 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“MMP-1 has been reported to impact skin aging significantly, and its expression is primarily increased by UV exposure [29,30].”
Cigarette Smoking and Facial Wrinkles: A Review of the Literature
Seitz, C. M., Strack, R. W., & Wyrick, D. L. (2012) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1017/jsc.2012.8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Yin et al., 2001 N = 83; 23–95 years old; Asian Cross-sectional study from a convenience sample of patients.”
BackgroundDeterminants in the Rate of Skin Aging: Ethnicity, Gender, and Lifestyle Influences
Farage, M. A., Miller, K. W., & Maïbach, H. I. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89656-2_92 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Inhibitory Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Skin Aging
Ashida, Y. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-8155-2029-0.50017-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yin, L., Morita, A., & Tsuji, T.
- Affiliations
- Nagoya City University (JP)
- Venue
- Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 178-183
- ISSN
- 0905-4383 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0781
- OpenAlex
- W2082474879
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Photodermatology Photoimmunology & Photomedicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatologic Treatments and Research
- Keywords
- skin aging, ultraviolet A radiation, smoking, facial wrinkles, MMP-1, fibroblasts, glutathione, sun exposure, additive effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Fibroblasts, Glutathione, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking, Ultraviolet Rays, Skin Aging, Confidence Intervals, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Matrix Metalloproteinase 1
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