The biological impacts of Indigenous residential school attendance on the next generation
Open accessAbstract
We investigated the biological impacts of Indigenous residential school attendance on the adult children of survivors, operationalized through allostatic load (AL); and the extent to which intergenerational trauma, operationalized through adverse childhood experience (ACE) score, mediated this association. Data were collected in-person from a university-based sample of Indigenous adults (N = 90, mean age: 28 years) in a mid-sized city in western Canada between 2015 and 2016. Associations were analyzed in multinominal regression models, with terciled AL and ACE scores as outcomes. The cross-products of coefficients method was used to test mediation. Overall, 42.7% and 33.7% reported their mother and father had attended residential school; respectively. In an adjusted model, maternal, but not paternal, residential school attendance was a risk factor associated with a moderate increase in AL among her adult children. The strength of this association did not change when the analysis was limited to mothers who raised their children. Maternal and paternal residential school attendance were each associated with increased ACE score among adults raised by survivors. However, ACE score did not explain the association between maternal residential school attendance and offspring AL score in mediational analyses. The present findings suggest colonial residential school experiences may have become biologically embedded, passed to subsequent generations, and exhibited through the dysregulation of allostatic systems among the adult children of maternal residential school survivors. Maternal exposure to residential school influenced biological dysregulation among her adult children in ways that could not be further exacerbated by her children's exposure to ACEs. The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission asked governments to acknowledge the impact of residential schools on the current state of Indigenous health. Our findings underline the importance of this call by demonstrating how the residential school experience may get under the skin to impact the health of the next generation.
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Maternal exposure to Canadian residential schools has been linked to higher cortisol, catecholamines, and inflammatory cytokine levels in offspring, including cases in which offspring were not raised by their biological parents.
“Similarly, maternal exposure to Canadian residential schools has been linked to higher cortisol, catecholamines, and inflammatory cytokine levels in offspring, including cases in which offspring were not raised by their biological parents (104, 105).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
The Abstract and Discussion (pages unavailable) link maternal residential-school attendance to moderately increased allostatic load in adult offspring, but do not report higher levels of each named substance. The Methods list a cortisol measure and CRP, not catecholamines or inflammatory cytokines, among the measured markers. The Results state that the sample was too small to analyze offspring who were not raised by their biological parents separately. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese exposures have been associated with coordinated alterations in stress-response regulation, circadian and sleep-related pathways, and metabolic processes.
“These exposures have been associated with coordinated alterations in stress-response regulation, circadian and sleep-related pathways, and metabolic processes (102–115).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
The Results (Residential school attendance and AL score; page unavailable) associate maternal residential school attendance with moderately increased allostatic load in adult offspring. The Methods (Measures; page unavailable) show that the score includes stress-response and metabolic markers, but the paper does not establish coordinated alterations in those individual pathways or assess circadian or sleep-related pathways. Its sleep and waking times are mentioned only as part of the cortisol-sampling procedure. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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“Similarly, maternal exposure to Canadian residential schools has been linked to higher cortisol, catecholamines, and in fl ammatory cytokine levels in offspring, including cases in which offspring were not raised by their biological parents (104, 105).”
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- Authors
- Chief Moon-Riley, K., Copeland, J. L., Metz, G. A. S., & Currie, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Lethbridge (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Currie, Cheryl L.
- Venue
- SSM - Population Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 100343
- ISSN
- 2352-8273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6354437
- OpenAlex
- W2903817244
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 2.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- SSM - Population Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Institute of Aboriginal Peoples Health (131590)
- Alberta Innovates Translational Health Chair in Aboriginal Health & Well-being
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- residential schools, indigenous peoples, allostatic load, adverse childhood experiences, intergenerational trauma, biological embedding, Indigenous health, colonial trauma, biological dysregulation
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