Priority Cosmopsychism and the Advaita Vedānta
Open accessAbstract
The combination of panpsychism and priority monism leads to priority cosmopsychism, the view that the consciousness of individual sentient creatures is derivative of an underlying cosmic consciousness. It has been suggested that contemporary priority cosmopsychism parallels central ideas in the Advaita Vedānta tradition. This article offers a critical evaluation of this claim. It argues that the Advaitic account of consciousness cannot be characterized as an instance of priority cosmopsychism, points out the differences between the two views, and suggests an alternative positioning of the Advaitic canon within the contemporary debate on monism and panpsychism.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
4 of 30 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
PC maintains that the physical cosmos as a whole instantiates phenomenal properties.
“Moreover, parallel to PP's claim that all ultimates of nature instantiate phenomenal properties, PC maintains that the physical cosmos, which taken as a whole is the one truly fundamental system of nature, instantiates phenomenal properties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
AVT holds that the apparent phenomenal properties of macro-level subjects of experience are derivative of Brahman.
“(AVT4) The apparent phenomenal properties of macro-level subjects of experience are derivative of Brahman.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Deutsch and Dalvi 2004
- cites Deutsch (1968)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Sharma (2004)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
AVT is best characterized as presenting an Absolute Monopsychism (AM)-type metaphysics.
“Thus, for the present purposes, it is convenient to maintain that AVT are best characterized as presenting an AM-type metaphysics.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The Advaitic view is not best characterized as Existence Cosmopsychism (EC).
“However, even this option would be inappropriate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
What for PC is an issue requiring a metaphysical answer is translated by AVT into an issue requiring an error theory.
“What for PC is an issue requiring a metaphysical answer (explaining the constitution of a real entity) is translated by AVT into an issue requiring an error theory (explaining the emergence of an illusory manifestation).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Premisenone given
PC is compatible with the existence of a plurality of concrete physical organisms having each a private mind.
“PC is compatible with the existence of a plurality of concrete physical organisms having each a private mind.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The account of consciousness surfacing from AVT cannot be characterized as an instance of PC.
“It argues that the Advaitic account of consciousness cannot be characterized as an instance of priority cosmopsychism, points out the differences between the two views, and suggests an alternative positioning of the Advaitic canon within the contemporary debate on monism and panpsychism.”
- Also stated in: § 4. A Different Kind of Psychism · boosted
“On these grounds, we can safely conclude that the account of consciousness surfacing from AVT cannot be characterized as an instance of PC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4. A Different Kind of Psychism · boosted
- Premisecitation
AVT holds that there is exactly one fundamental entity: Brahman.
“(AVT1) There is exactly one (fundamental) entity: Brahman.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Deutsch and Dalvi 2004
- cites Deutsch (1968)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Sharma (2004)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In AVT, the existence of any object or subject other than Brahman is rejected from the start.
“In AVT, by contrast, the existence of any object or subject other than Brahman is rejected from the start.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Deutsch and Dalvi 2004
- cites Deutsch (1968)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Sharma (2004)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
PP's ascription of phenomenal properties to micro-level entities and the ensuing cost of rejecting an orthodox physicalist ontology are not traded off by an adequate explanatory gain.
“In this sense, PP's ascription of phenomenal properties to micro-level entities and the ensuing cost of rejecting an orthodox physicalist ontology (one where ontological simples have no phenomenal properties) do not seem to be traded off by an adequate explanatory gain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The Decombination Problem is fundamentally different from AVT's problem of explaining the illusory appearance of individual selfhood.
“Yet, it is fundamentally different from the Decombination Problem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7
- May combine two claims. 8
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisereasoningPriority cosmopsychism (PC) is the view that the consciousness of individual sentient creatures is derivative of an underlying cosmic consciousness.
“The combination of panpsychism and priority monism leads to priority cosmopsychism, the view that the consciousness of individual sentient creatures is derivative of an underlying cosmic consciousness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Mathews (2011) source
- cites Shani (2015) source
- cites Nagasawa and Wager (2016) source
Section 4.3 (p. 116) defines priority cosmopsychism as holding that the cosmic consciousness is basic and other consciousnesses are derivative of it. But the same section says priority cosmopsychism does not rely on priority monism and remains neutral about their compatibility; it does not support the sentence’s claim that combining panpsychism and priority monism leads to priority cosmopsychism. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPC maintains that there exists exactly one basic consciousness: cosmic consciousness.
“Parallel to PM's claim that there exists exactly one basic object token, PC maintains that there exists exactly one basic consciousness: cosmic consciousness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisereasoningPC argues that the phenomenal properties instantiated by creatures like us should be accounted for relative to cosmic consciousness.
“Likewise, PC argues that the physical cosmos as a whole instantiates the most fundamental form of phenomenality (cosmic consciousness), and that the phenomenal properties instantiated by creatures like us should be accounted for relative to cosmic consciousness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).
PremisecitationThe Combination Problem is just as daunting as the Problem of Consciousness.
“Critics of PP argue that the problem of explaining how microphenomenal properties, states, or processes might merge to form macro-phenomenal properties, states, or processes is just as daunting as POC itself (e.g., Goff 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goff 2009 source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningOn AM, a non-physical consciousness is the only existing particular, and the internal organization of this unique non-physical consciousness provides the basis for the fallacious appearance of individual selfhood and physical plurality.
“On AM, a non-physical consciousness is the only existing particular, and the internal organization of this unique non-physical consciousness provides the basis for the fallacious appearance of individual selfhood and physical plurality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisereasoningAM is the view that there exists exactly one particular: a consciousness [Brahman].
“(AM) There exists exactly one particular: a consciousness [Brahman].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPC and AVT are similar in that both are committed to the existence of an underlying universal consciousness and see it as the ground for the mental life of individual subjects.
“Both PC and AVT are committed to the existence of an underlying universal consciousness and see it as the ground for the mental life of individual subjects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAVT holds that physical plurality and individual selfhood are illusory appearances; there are no real macro-level subjects of experience.
“(AVT3) Physical plurality and individual selfhood are illusory appearances: there are no real macro-level subjects of experience (e.g., human consciousnesses).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Deutsch and Dalvi 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Deutsch (1968)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Sharma (2004)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPC neutralizes both the Problem of Consciousness and the Combination Problem.
“PC promises to improve on PP because it neutralizes both POC and the Combination Problem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe 'cosmic' element inherent to PC is absent in AVT, which rejects PC's appeal to realism about the physical cosmos.
“Bottom line: the “cosmic” element inherent to PC is absent in AVT, which rejects PC's appeal to realism about the physical cosmos.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAVT holds that Brahman is not a physical entity instantiating phenomenal properties; it is pure consciousness.
“(AVT2) Brahman is not a physical entity instantiating phenomenal properties: it is pure consciousness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Deutsch and Dalvi 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Deutsch (1968)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Sharma (2004)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPM holds that there exists exactly one basic concrete particular: the whole cosmos.
“(PM) There exists exactly one basic concrete particular: the whole cosmos.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schaffer 2010 source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAVT rejects EC1 and EC3: it denies that there exists exactly one concrete particular (the physical cosmos) and that cosmic consciousness is instantiated by the physical cosmos.
“Yet again, in affirming that existence should be attributed exclusively to Brahman (AVT1) and in denying that the physical world is real (AVT2), AVT is bound to reject EC1 and EC3.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).
PremisecitationEM holds that there exists exactly one concrete particular: the whole cosmos.
“(EM) There exists exactly one concrete particular: the whole cosmos.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Horgan and Potrč 2008 source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPC faces the Decombination Problem: giving a precise meaning to 'derivative of' in PC4 and explaining how the conscious mental life of creatures like us may originate from cosmic consciousness.
“By reasoning along these lines, PC does face the mirror image of the Combination Problem, one that we can call the Decombination Problem: giving a precise meaning to the expression “derivative of” appearing in PC4 and, correlatively, explaining how the conscious mental life exhibited by creatures like us may originate from cosmic consciousness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The Advaitic canon and contemporary priority cosmopsychism can be meaningfully compared as theory-types despite their different historical and cultural contexts.
“My purpose is to reconstruct priority cosmopsychism, compare it to the worldview emerging from the Advaita Vedānta tradition, and determine whether the Advaitic account of consciousness can in fact 1 be characterized as an instance of priority cosmopsychism.”
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Swami Vivekananda's Vedāntic Cosmopolitanism
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Self-citationDoes Mystical Experience Give Access to Reality?
Marshall, P. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13100983 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Some philosophers interested in cosmopsychism have explored connections with Indian philosophy (e.g., Gasparri 2019; Albahari 2020; Ganeri and Shani 2022), including traditions that have a pronounced mystical component.”
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“Very recently, however, a number of philosophers have argued that the illusionist metaphysics of Advaita Vedānta renders it incapable of explaining the conscious experiences of empirical individuals, the very existence of which is denied from the ultimate standpoint (Gasparri 2019; Vaidya 2020).”
BackgroundMedhananda, S. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197624463.003.0009
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Medhananda, S. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197624463.003.0010
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Rāmānuja’s cosmopsychist-panentheistic solution to the hard problem of consciousness
Vaidya, A. J., & Siddharth, S. (2025) · Religious Studies · doi:10.1017/s0034412525100838
“Manyofthesecross-culturalstudiespertainingtopanpsychismhavefocusedon oneparticularlyinfluentialschoolofIndianphilosophy,Advaita(non-dual)Vedaˉnta,the mostfamousproponentofwhichisŚaṅkara(eighthcenturyCE)(Albahari2019a,2019b, 2022,2024;Gasparri2019,2022;Hejjaji et al .”
Can You Remember What It Was Like To Be a Bat? The Knowledge Argument, Memory, and Reincarnation
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“For evidence of this, see Medhananda (2021), Medhananda (2022a), chapters 9 and 10 of Medhananda (2022b), Gasparri (2019), Gasparri (2022), Vaidya (2022), Vaidya and Bilimoria (2015), and Fasching (2022).”
Nondual Panpsychism and Panentheism: Pratyabhijñā Śaivism, Rāmakṛṣṇa, and Vivekānanda
Fritzman, J. M. (2026) · Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy · doi:10.53763/fag.2025.22.1.252
The universe as aṁśa of Brahman: towards a Viśiṣṭādvaita existence-cosmopsychism
Siddharth, S. (2026) · Religious Studies · doi:10.1017/s0034412526101735
Cawdron, H. (2026) · Palgrave frontiers in philosophy of religion · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-31669-1_1
- Authors
- Gasparri, L.
- Affiliations
- Institut Jean Nicod (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Gasparri, Luca
- ORCID
- Gasparri, Luca
- Venue
- Philosophy East and West
- Publisher
- Project MUSE
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 130-142
- ISSN
- 0031-8221 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-1898
- OpenAlex
- W2729863773
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 85.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- philarchive.org
- Locations
- Philosophy East and West (publishedVersion)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Keywords
- cosmopsychism, Advaita Vedanta, monism, philosophy of mind, Indian philosophy
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