Effects of exercise involving predominantly either joint-reaction or ground-reaction forces on bone mineral density in older women
Open accessAbstract
This study compared the effects of two exercise training programs, 11 months in duration, on bone mineral density (BMD) in older, sedentary women. Thirty-nine women, aged 60–74 years, were assigned to the following groups: (a) a group that performed exercises that introduced stress to the skeleton through ground-reaction forces (GRF) (i.e., walking, jogging, stairs); (b) a group that performed exercises that introduced stress to the skeleton through joint-reaction forces (JRF) (i.e., weight lifting, rowing); or (c) a no-exercise control group. BMD of the whole body, lumbar spine, proximal femur, and distal forearm was assessed five times at ∼3-month intervals. The GRF and JRF exercise programs resulted in significant and similar increases in BMD of the whole body (2.0 ± 0.8% and 1.6 ± 0.4%, respectively), lumbar spine (1.8 ± 0.7% and 1.5 ± 0.5%, respectively), and Ward's triangle region of the proximal femur (6.1 ± 1.5% and 5.1 ± 2.1%, respectively). There was a significant increase in BMD of the femoral neck only in response to the GRF exercise program (GRF, 3.5 ± 0.8%; JRF, −0.2 ± 0.7%). There were no significant changes in BMD in control subjects. Among all exercisers, there was a significant inverse (r = −0.52, p < 0.01) relationship between increases in whole body BMD and reductions in fat mass, suggesting a dose response effect of exercise on bone mass. Although femoral neck BMD was responsive only to the GRF exercise program, some adaptations (i.e., increase in lean body mass and strength) that were specific to the JRF exercise program may be important in preventing osteoporotic fractures by reducing the risk for falls. It remains to be determined whether all of these benefits can be gained through a training program that combines the different types of exercises employed in this study.
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Only the ground-reaction group showed increased femoral neck BMD.
“In contrast, only the ground-reaction group showed increased femoral neck BMD [302].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [302]
In older women, aerobic activities with high ground-reaction forces (walking, jogging, stair climbing) and exercises with high joint reaction forces (weightlifting, rowing) significantly increased whole-body bone mineral density (BMD), lumbar spine, and Ward's triangle.
“Kohrt et al. [302] found that in older women, aerobic activities with high ground-reaction forces (walking, jogging, stair climbing) and exercises with high joint reaction forces (weightlifting, rowing) significantly increased whole-body bone mineral density (BMD), lumbar spine, and Ward’s triangle.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [302]
Lean mass and muscle strength increased only in the weight-lifting group, which is necessary for gait improvement and fall reduction.
“At the same time, lean mass and muscle strength increased only in the weight-lifting group, which is necessary for gait improvement and fall reduction.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [302]
In contrast, only the ground-reaction group showed increased femoral neck BMD.
“In contrast, only the ground-reaction group showed increased femoral neck BMD [302].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [302]
These findings suggest that both types of exercise are equally important for fall and fracture prevention.
“These findings suggest that both types of exercise are equally important for fall and fracture prevention.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [302]
Kohrt et al. found that in older women, aerobic activities with high ground-reaction forces and exercises with high joint reaction forces significantly increased whole-body BMD, lumbar spine, and Ward's triangle.
“Kohrt et al. [302] found that in older women, aerobic activities with high ground-reaction forces (walking, jogging, stair climbing) and exercises with high joint reaction forces (weightlifting, rowing) significantly increased whole-body bone mineral density (BMD), lumbar spine, and Ward’s triangle.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [302]
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- Authors
- Kohrt, W. M., Ehsani, A. A., & Birge, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kohrt, Wendy M.
- ORCID
- Ehsani, Ali A.
- Venue
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-08-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1253-1261
- ISSN
- 0884-0431 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-4681
- OpenAlex
- W2079869276
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29ar040705-05, RR‐00036)
- National Institute on Aging (AG05562)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR-40705)
- National Center for Research Resources (5M01 RR-00036, M01RR000036)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Keywords
- bone mineral density, exercise training, older women, ground reaction force, joint reaction forces, weightlifting, walking, lumbar spine, proximal femur, femoral neck, fat mass, osteoporotic fracture prevention, fall risk, sedentary women
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Analysis of Variance, Blood Chemical Analysis, Body Composition, Calcium, Dietary, Female, Femur, Femur Neck, Forearm, Humans, Joints, Lumbar Vertebrae, Middle Aged, Urine, Exercise, Bone Density, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal, Weight-Bearing
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