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Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Introduction. Climate change projections indicate that droughts will become more intense in the 21 century in some areas of the world. The El Niño Southern Oscillation is associated with drought in some countries, and forecasts can provide advance warning of the increased risk of adverse climate conditions. The most recent available data from EMDAT estimates that over 50 million people globally were affected by drought in 2011. Documentation of the health effects of drought is difficult, given the complexity in assigning a beginning/end and because effects tend to accumulate over time. Most health impacts are indirect because of its link to other mediating circumstances like loss of livelihoods. Methods. The following databases were searched: MEDLINE; CINAHL; Embase; PsychINFO, Cochrane Collection. Key references from extracted papers were hand-searched, and advice from experts was sought for further sources of literature. Inclusion criteria for papers summarised in tables include: explicit link made between drought as exposure and human health outcomes; all study designs/methods; all countries/contexts; any year of publication. Exclusion criteria include: drought meaning shortage unrelated to climate; papers not published in English; studies on dry/arid climates unless drought was noted as an abnormal climatological event. No formal quality evaluation was used on papers meeting inclusion criteria. Results. 87 papers meeting the inclusion criteria are summarised in tables. Additionally, 59 papers not strictly meeting the inclusion criteria are used as supporting text in relevant parts of the results section. Main categories of findings include: nutrition-related effects (including general malnutrition and mortality, micronutrient malnutrition, and anti-nutrient consumption); water-related disease (including E coli, cholera and algal bloom); airborne and dust-related disease (including silo gas exposure and coccidioidomycosis); vector borne disease (including malaria, dengue and West Nile Virus); mental health effects (including distress and other emotional consequences); and other health effects (including wildfire, effects of migration, and damage to infrastructure). Conclusions. The probability of drought-related health impacts varies widely and largely depends upon drought severity, baseline population vulnerability, existing health and sanitation infrastructure, and available resources with which to mitigate impacts as they occur. The socio-economic environment in which drought occurs influences the resilience of the affected population. Forecasting can be used to provide advance warning of the increased risk of adverse climate conditions and can support the disaster risk reduction process. Despite the complexities involved in documentation, research should continue and results should be shared widely in an effort to strengthen drought preparedness and response activities.
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“Anthropogenic climate change increases the likelihood and severity of droughts,4,113,114 which can affect vector-borne and water-borne disease transmission, jeopardise water supply, food security, and livelihoods, and disrupt power generation and the transport of goods via inland waterways.115–117”
From The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action (2024) · cites this paper as [115]
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“High ambient temperatures are associated with worse sleep quantity and quality. 101–106”
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“Extreme heat can affect human mental health outcomes across a continuum of severity, from subclinical to life-altering.102,142–147”
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Butsch, C., Beckers, L., Nilson, E., Frassl, M. A., Brennholt, N., Kwiatkowski, R., & Söder, M. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.25646/11652 · Cited by 73
Fragaszy, S. R., Jedd, T. M., Wall, N. A., Knutson, C., Fraj, M. B., Bergaoui, K., Svoboda, M. D., Hayes, M., & McDonnell, R. A. (2020) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-18-0084.1 · Cited by 60
A Drop of Love? Rainfall Shocks and Spousal Abuse: Evidence from Rural Peru
Díaz, J., & Saldarriaga, V. (2020) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102739 · Cited by 59
The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs
Fleming‐Muñoz, D. A., Whitten, S. M., & Bonnett, G. D. (2023) · Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics · doi:10.1111/1467-8489.12527 · Cited by 60
de Sena, A. R. M., de Freitas, C. M., Barcellos, C., Ramalho, W. M., & Corvalan, C. F. (2016) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232015213.21642015 · Cited by 57
Effects of drought on child health in Marsabit District, Northern Kenya
Bauer, J. M., & Mburu, S. (2016) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2016.10.010 · Cited by 58
Pearson, D. L., Ebisu, K., Wu, X., & Basu, R. (2019) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxz004 · Cited by 59
A framework for ageing and health vulnerabilities in a changing climate
Tipaldo, J. F., Balk, D. L., & Hunter, L. M. (2024) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02156-2 · Cited by 60
Indicators to measure risk of disaster associated with drought: Implications for the health sector
de Sena, A. R. M., Ebi, K. L., de Freitas, C. M., Corvalan, C. F., & Barcellos, C. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181394 · Cited by 54
Bell, J. E., Herring, S. C., Jantarasami, L., Adrianopoli, C., Benedict, K., Conlon, K. C., Escobar, V. M., Hess, J., Luvall, J. C., García‐Pando, C. P., et al. (2016) · doi:10.7930/j0bz63zv · Cited by 61
Seasonal droughts and the risk of childhood undernutrition in Ethiopia
Dimitrova, A. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105417 · Cited by 52
Chua, P. L., Huber, V., Ng, C. F. S., Seposo, X., Madaniyazi, L., Hales, S., Woodward, A. J., & Hashizume, M. (2021) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00152-2 · Cited by 53
Bryan, K., Ward, S., Roberts, L., White, M. P., Landeg, O., Taylor, T., & McEwen, L. J. (2020) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-020-02916-x · Cited by 56
Boerma, T., Tappis, H., Saad-Haddad, G., Das, J., Melesse, D. Y., DeJong, J., Spiegel, P., Black, R., Victora, C., Bhutta, Z. A., et al. (2019) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001300 · Cited by 50
Associations between climate change-related factors and sexual health: A scoping review
Logie, C. H., Toccalino, D., MacKenzie, F., Hasham, A., Narasimhan, M., Donkers, H., Lorimer, N., & Malama, K. (2024) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2023.2299718 · Cited by 50
Nie, W., Kumar, S. V., Arsenault, K. R., Peters‐Lidard, C. D., Mladenova, I. E., Bergaoui, K., Hazra, A., Zaitchik, B. F., Mahanama, S., McDonnell, R. A., et al. (2022) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-26-2365-2022 · Cited by 50
Medlock, J. M., & Vaux, A. G. C. (2015) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0751-3 · Cited by 49
Self-citationShort-term effects of drought on daily mortality in Spain from 2000 to 2009
Salvador, C., Nieto, R., Linares, C., Díaz, J., & Gimeno, L. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109200 · Cited by 49
Woodland, L., Ratwatte, P., Phalkey, R. K., & Gillingham, E. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20085563 · Cited by 52
Impact of climate change on drought in Aragon (NE Spain)
Gaitán, E., Monjo, R., Pórtoles, J., & Pino-Otín, M. R. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140094 · Cited by 51
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Peña‐Angulo, D., Murphy, C., López‐Moreno, J. I., Tomàs‐Burguera, M., Domínguez‐Castro, F., Tian, F., Eklundh, L., Cai, Z., Farizo, B. Á., et al. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144702 · Cited by 47
Hawkins, P., Geza, W., Mabhaudhi, T., Sutherland, C., Queenan, K., Dangour, A. D., & Scheelbeek, P. (2022) · Weather and Climate Extremes · doi:10.1016/j.wace.2022.100413 · Cited by 47
Savari, M., Damaneh, H. E., & Damaneh, H. E. (2024) · Climate Risk Management · doi:10.1016/j.crm.2024.100619 · Cited by 44
Orievulu, K. S., Ayeb‐Karlsson, S., Ngwenya, N. B., Ngema, S., McGregor, H., Adeagbo, O., Siedner, M. J., Hanekom, W. A., Kniveton, D. R., Seeley, J., et al. (2022) · Climate Risk Management · doi:10.1016/j.crm.2022.100423 · Cited by 45
Climate and health in informal urban settlements
Scovronick, N., Lloyd, S. J., & Kovats, S. R. (2015) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/0956247815596502 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Stanke, C., Kerac, M., Prudhomme, C., Medlock, J., & Murray, V.
- Affiliations
- Health Protection Agency (GB)
- Public Health England (GB)
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (GB)
- Venue
- PLoS Currents
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 5
- ISSN
- 2157-3999 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3682759
- OpenAlex
- W2103312853
- Cited by
- 441
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- PLoS Currents (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (101113)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2008-18-010, CL-2012-18-005)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Public Health and Environmental Issues
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Keywords
- drought, climate change, ENSO, malnutrition, waterborne diseases, coccidioidomycosis, vector-borne diseases, malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, mental health, migration, disaster risk reduction, drought preparedness, population vulnerability
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