The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Flexible Cognitive Strategies during Motor Learning
Open accessAbstract
Visuomotor rotation tasks have proven to be a powerful tool to study adaptation of the motor system. While adaptation in such tasks is seemingly automatic and incremental, participants may gain knowledge of the perturbation and invoke a compensatory strategy. When provided with an explicit strategy to counteract a rotation, participants are initially very accurate, even without on-line feedback. Surprisingly, with further testing, the angle of their reaching movements drifts in the direction of the strategy, producing an increase in endpoint errors. This drift is attributed to the gradual adaptation of an internal model that operates independently from the strategy, even at the cost of task accuracy. Here we identify constraints that influence this process, allowing us to explore models of the interaction between strategic and implicit changes during visuomotor adaptation. When the adaptation phase was extended, participants eventually modified their strategy to offset the rise in endpoint errors. Moreover, when we removed visual markers that provided external landmarks to support a strategy, the degree of drift was sharply attenuated. These effects are accounted for by a setpoint state-space model in which a strategy is flexibly adjusted to offset performance errors arising from the implicit adaptation of an internal model. More generally, these results suggest that strategic processes may operate in many studies of visuomotor adaptation, with participants arriving at a synergy between a strategic plan and the effects of sensorimotor adaptation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, when adaptation is allowed to progress over a large number of trials, task performance errors plateau and then decrease (Taylor and Ivry, 2011; Figure 1C).”
From Cerebellum, Predictions and Errors (2019) · cites this paper as Taylor and Ivry, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recent work has emphasized that controlling and learning self-directed motor behaviors involves both an implicit forward model of the effector and an explicit model of the task (Taylor and Ivry, 2011; Streng et al., 2018b; see Figure 1F).”
From Cerebellum, Predictions and Errors (2019) · cites this paper as Taylor and Ivry, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Simplex Method for Function Minimization
Nelder, J. A., & Mead, R. (1965) · The Computer Journal · doi:10.1093/comjnl/7.4.308 · Cited by 28,905
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks · doi:10.1109/tnn.1998.712192 · Cited by 27,225
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks · doi:10.1109/tnn.2004.842673 · Cited by 25,268
Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion
Ernst, M. O., & Banks, M. S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415429a · Cited by 4,844
Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task
Shadmehr, R., & Mussa-Ivaldi, F. (1994) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-05-03208.1994 · Cited by 2,612
Statistical Analysis of Circular Data.
LANGE, N. D., & Fisher, N. I. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291098 · Cited by 2,155
Statistical Analysis of Circular Data
Fisher, N. I. (1993) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511564345 · Cited by 1,826
Brogan, W. L. (1971) · International Linear Collider · Cited by 1,206
Interacting adaptive processes with different timescales underlie short-term motor learning
Smith, M. A., Ghazizadeh, A., & Shadmehr, R. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040179 · Cited by 1,113
Causal Inference in Multisensory Perception
Körding, K. P., Beierholm, U., Ma, W. J., Quartz, S., Tenenbaum, J. B., & Shams, L. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000943 · Cited by 1,069
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–349 of 349
Codol, O., Ariani, G., & Michaels, J. A. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-0601-2
A Visuomotor Model Enhances Human Position SensePreprint
Omprakash, C., Razavizadeh, S., & Stenner, M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.211490
de Brouwer, A. J., Carter, M. J., Smail, L. C., Wolpert, D. M., Gallivan, J. P., & Flanagan, J. R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279414
Understanding the Algorithms Underlying Human Motor Adaptation and Motor Reinforcement Learning
Miyamoto, Y. R. (2017) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
When motor control hangs in the balance: Sensorimotor learning during balance-challenging conditions
Bakkum, A. (2021) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
The role of cerebellum in action acquisition and motor learning
Dagioglou, M. (2014) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Bodily skillPreprint
Shepherd, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/57e6f
Künzell, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53386-4_56-2
Savalia, T., Cowell, R. A., & Huber, D. E. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.499675
Alpha suppression during prehension indicates neural motor drive inhibitionPreprint
Ortiz, O., Kuruganti, U., Chester, V. L., Wilson, A. W., & Blustein, D. H. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518923
Updating of Implicit Adaptation Processes through Erroneous Numeric Feedback
Larssen, B. C., & Hodges, N. J. (2023) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2023.2232739
de Xivry, J. O. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.94608.1.sa3
Does aging affect implicit motor adaptation?
Ranganathan, R. (2024) · Peer community in health & movement sciences. · doi:10.24072/pci.healthmovsci.100040
Implicit motor adaptation patterns in a redundant motor task manipulating a stick with both handsPreprint
Kobayashi, T., & Nozaki, D. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.96665.1
Savalia, T., Cowell, R. A., & Huber, D. E. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0001210
Explicit Instruction May Impair the Transfer of Motor Adaptation in an Upper Extremity Motor Task
Kimura, T., & Matsuura, R. (2024) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2024.2374002
The P3 event‐related potential increases when humans learn a strategy for motor adaptation
Korka, B., & Stenner, M. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16476
Implicit motor adaptation patterns in a redundant motor task manipulating a stick with both handsPreprint
Kobayashi, T., & Nozaki, D. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.96665.2
Leow, L., Marinovic, W., Albert, S. T., & Carroll, T. J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.17.624025
Ramos, M. Á., Busquets, A., Ferrer-Uris, B., Eken, A., Bešlija, F., Zhang, F., Durduran, T., & Angulo-Barroso, R. M. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102827
Long-term development of a motor memoryPreprint
Franklin, D. W., Nietschmann, P., Papadopoulou, T., & Franklin, S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.22.639647
Predictive eye movements anticipate target rebounds in an interception taskPreprint
Treviño, M., Martín, N., Hernández, F., Barrera, A., & Márquez, I. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.17.643715
Tilted trials: Assessing performance with varying angle perturbations in visuomotor adaptation task
Sami, N. A., Soni, S., Muthukrishnan, S. P., Kaur, S., Tayade, P., & Sharma, R. (2025) · Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.25259/ijpp_29_2025
Motor Learning Driven by Sensory Prediction Errors Is Insensitive to Task Performance Feedback
Panthi, G., & Mutha, P. K. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1505-25.2026
Protection of savings by reducing the salience of opposing errors
Javidialsaadi, M., Albert, S. T., Mutairi, B. M. S. A., & Wang, J. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00352-z
Involvement of Perimovement Neural Beta‐Oscillations in Strategic Aiming for Motor Adaptation
Will, M., Korka, B., & Stenner, M. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70260
Sensorimotor confidence during explicit motor adaptationPreprint
Evans, M. H., & Landy, M. S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685783
Weber’s Law in walking: sensory scaling is observed in multi-sensory, dynamic tasks
Gonzalez-Rubio, M., Iturralde, P. A., & Torres‐Oviedo, G. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-54948-5 · Cited by 1
Delineating implicit and explicit processes in neurofeedback learningPreprint
Axel Cleeremans, B., & Muñoz-Moldes, S. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Dopamine alters motor learning performance in the presence and absence of feedback
Leow, L., Tan, A. H.-R., Carroll, T. J., Adam, R., Dux, P. E., & Filmer, H. L. (2026) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2026.108140
Tonic feedback motor commands predict visuomotor learningPreprint
Makino, Y., Kobayashi, T., & Nozaki, D. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702978
Where you aim – not how you aim – affects implicit recalibration in visuomotor adaptationPreprint
Wang, Y., & Taylor, J. A. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706918
Self-citationZhu, T., Syan, R., Vejandla, S., Gallivan, J. P., Wolpert, D. M., & Flanagan, J. R. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709046
Use-dependent learning biases the initial state but not the learning dynamics of implicit adaptation
Luo, Y., & Wei, K. (2026) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-026-07268-z
Torrecillos, F. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/aa66f432z8f86z4821za5e2z30e11c35f2a4
Consolidation Separates Implicit and Explicit Components of Compound Motor MemoriesPreprint
Kumar, A. S., Kumar, A. S., & Kumar, N. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718660
Lee, S., & Kim, T. (2026) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2026.115364 · Cited by 1
Anxiety disorders alter cognitive-motor integration during visuomotor adaptation and retention
Barzi, L., Wilson, M., & Hill, C. M. (2026) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-026-07304-y
Error processing in implicit correction during visually and memory-guided reaching movements
Numasawa, K., Hirano, R., & Ono, S. (2026) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00402.2025
Tonic feedback motor commands predict visuomotor learningPreprint
Makino, Y., Kobayashi, T., & Nozaki, D. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111537.1
Tonic feedback motor commands predict visuomotor learningPreprint
Makino, Y., Kobayashi, T., & Nozaki, D. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111537
Time of day shapes explicit and implicit contributions to visuomotor adaptationPreprint
Mathiot, J., Truong, C., Gaveau, J., Bisio, A., Guzzo, A., Ruffino, C., & Papaxanthis, C. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10392270/v1
Successful reinforcement history suppresses explicit and implicit error corrections
Buggeln, J. H., Muscara, N. R., Sullivan, S. R., Calalo, J. A., Ngo, T. T., Short, M., Roth, A. M., Carter, M. J., & Cashaback, J. G. A. (2026) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014574
Yaghoubi, N., Shah, H. P., Berman, B. D., & Dexheimer, B. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45068-6.00015-9
Implicit sensorimotor adaptation comprises distinct mechanisms for action selection and execution
Wang, T., Lam, T., Taylor, J. A., & Ivry, R. B. (2026) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3004057 · Cited by 1
Self-citationUncertainty, generalization, and neural representation of relevant variables for decision making
Fernandes, H. L. (2013) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, J. A., & Ivry, R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, Jordan A.
- Ivry, Richard B.
- Venue
- PLoS Computational Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-03-03
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e1001096
- ISSN
- 1553-734X (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7358
- PMC
- PMC3048379
- OpenAlex
- W1989328619
- Cited by
- 352
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Computational Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01NS040813, F32NS064749)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD060306)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- visuomotor adaptation, visuomotor rotation, motor learning, compensatory strategies, internal models, state-space model, sensorimotor adaptation, visual landmarks, reaching movements
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Cognition, Female, Humans, Learning, Models, Neurological, Motor Skills, Psychomotor Performance, Task Performance and Analysis, Computational Biology, Feedback, Physiological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
