Cited by 1,171Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyGenetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and AnimalsGenetic and phenotypic traits in livestock

Chapter 11: Genome-wide association studies

Open access
Bush, William S., Moore, Jason H.·2012·PLoS Computational Biology

Abstract

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have evolved over the last ten years into a powerful tool for investigating the genetic architecture of human disease. In this work, we review the key concepts underlying GWAS, including the architecture of common diseases, the structure of common human genetic variation, technologies for capturing genetic information, study designs, and the statistical methods used for data analysis. We also look forward to the future beyond GWAS.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002822

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Rare variants such as apoE4[L28P] are seldom found by initial genome-wide association studies, primarily because of their low representation in the cohort, and require resequencing of large populations or targeted family-based studies and linkage analysis to be identified.

    “Rare variants, like apoE4[L28P], although equally important as common variants for disease pathogenesis, are seldom found by initial genome-wide association studies, primarily because of the low representation in the cohort, and require resequencing of large populations or targeted family-based studies and linkage analysis to be identified (51,52).”

    From Molecular Basis for Increased Risk for Late-onset Alzheimer Disease Due to the Naturally Occurring L28P Mutation in Apolipoprotein E4 (2014) · cites this paper as [51]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 45

  1. [1]Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S, Scott WK, Olson LM, et al (2005) Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science 308: 419– 421 doi: 10.1126/science.1110359. 15761120 · DOI · Paper page
  2. [2]Edwards AO, Ritter R III, Abel KJ, Manning A, Panhuysen C, et al (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science 308: 421– 424 doi: 10.1126/science.1110189. 15761121 · DOI · Paper page
  3. [3]Klein RJ, Zeiss C, Chew EY, Tsai JY, Sackler RS, et al (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science 308: 385– 389 doi: 10.1126/science.1109557. 15761122 PMC1512523 · DOI · Paper page
  4. [4]Cooper GM, Johnson JA, Langaee TY, Feng H, Stanaway IB, et al (2008) A genome-wide scan for common genetic variants with a large influence on warfarin maintenance dose. Blood 112: 1022– 1027 doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-134247. 18535201 PMC2515139 · DOI · Paper page
  5. [6]Griffith OL, Montgomery SB, Bernier B, Chu B, Kasaian K, et al (2008) ORegAnno: an open-access community-driven resource for regulatory annotation. Nucleic Acids Res 36: D107– D113 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm967. 18006570 PMC2239002 · DOI
  6. [8]Kerem B, Rommens JM, Buchanan JA, Markiewicz D, et al (1989) Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: genetic analysis. Science 245: 1073– 1080. 2570460
  7. [9]MacDonald ME, Novelletto A, Lin C, Tagle D, Barnes G, et al (1992) The Huntington's disease candidate region exhibits many different haplotypes. Nat Genet 1: 99– 103 doi: 10.1038/ng0592-99. 1302016 · DOI
  8. [10]Hirschhorn JN, Daly MJ (2005) Genome-wide association studies for common diseases and complex traits. Nat Rev Genet 6: 95– 108 doi: 10.1038/nrg1521. 15716906 · DOI
  9. [11]Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, et al (1993) Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261: 921– 923. 8346443
  10. [12]Altshuler D, Hirschhorn JN, Klannemark M, Lindgren CM, Vohl MC, et al (2000) The common PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 26: 76– 80 doi: 10.1038/79216. 10973253 · DOI · Paper page
  11. [13]Reich DE, Lander ES (2001) On the allelic spectrum of human disease. Trends Genet 17: 502– 510. 11525833
  12. [15]International HapMap Consortium (2005) A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature 437: 1299– 1320 doi: 10.1038/nature04226. 16255080 PMC1880871 · DOI · Paper page
  13. [16]Ritchie MD, Denny JC, Crawford DC, Ramirez AH, Weiner JB, et al (2010) Robust replication of genotype-phenotype associations across multiple diseases in an electronic medical record. Am J Hum Genet 86: 560– 572 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.03.003. 20362271 PMC2850440 · DOI
  14. [17]Devlin B, Risch N (1995) A comparison of linkage disequilibrium measures for fine-scale mapping. Genomics 29: 311– 322 doi: 10.1006/geno.1995.9003. 8666377 · DOI
  15. [18]Fallin D, Schork NJ (2000) Accuracy of haplotype frequency estimation for biallelic loci, via the expectation-maximization algorithm for unphased diploid genotype data. Am J Hum Genet 67: 947– 959 doi: 10.1086/303069. 10954684 PMC1287896 · DOI
  16. [19]Li M, Li C, Guan W (2008) Evaluation of coverage variation of SNP chips for genome-wide association studies. Eur J Hum Genet 16: 635– 643 doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5202007. 18253166 · DOI
  17. [20]Distefano JK, Taverna DM (2011) Technological issues and experimental design of gene association studies. Methods Mol Biol 700: 3– 16 doi: 10.1007/978-1-61737-954-3_1. 21204023 · DOI
  18. [22]Habek M, Brinar VV, Borovecki F (2010) Genes associated with multiple sclerosis: 15 and counting. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 10: 857– 861 doi: 10.1586/erm.10.77. 20964605 · DOI
  19. [24]Chew EY, Kim J, Sperduto RD, Datiles MB III, Coleman HR, et al (2010) Evaluation of the age-related eye disease study clinical lens grading system AREDS report No. 31. Ophthalmology 117: 2112– 2119 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.033. 20561686 PMC2944007 · DOI
  20. [25]Denny JC, Ritchie MD, Crawford DC, Schildcrout JS, Ramirez AH, et al (2010) Identification of genomic predictors of atrioventricular conduction: using electronic medical records as a tool for genome science. Circulation 122: 2016– 2021 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.948828. 21041692 PMC2991609 · DOI
  21. [26]Wilke RA, Berg RL, Linneman JG, Peissig P, Starren J, et al (2010) Quantification of the clinical modifiers impacting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the community: Personalized Medicine Research Project. Prev Cardiol 13: 63– 68 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00055.x. 20377807 PMC5206993 · DOI
  22. [27]Kullo IJ, Fan J, Pathak J, Savova GK, Ali Z, et al (2010) Leveraging informatics for genetic studies: use of the electronic medical record to enable a genome-wide association study of peripheral arterial disease. J Am Med Inform Assoc 17: 568– 574 doi: 10.1136/jamia.2010.004366. 20819866 PMC2995686 · DOI
  23. [28]McCarty CA, Wilke RA (2010) Biobanking and pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics 11: 637– 641 doi: 10.2217/pgs.10.13. 20415552 · DOI
  24. [29]Lewis CM (2002) Genetic association studies: design, analysis and interpretation. Brief Bioinform 3: 146– 153. 12139434
  25. [30]Lettre G, Lange C, Hirschhorn JN (2007) Genetic model testing and statistical power in population-based association studies of quantitative traits. Genet Epidemiol 31: 358– 362 doi: 10.1002/gepi.20217. 17352422 · DOI
  26. [31]Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK (2003) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics 164: 1567– 1587. 12930761 PMC1462648
  27. [32]Price AL, Patterson NJ, Plenge RM, Weinblatt ME, Shadick NA, et al (2006) Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet 38: 904– 909 doi: 10.1038/ng1847. 16862161 · DOI · Paper page
  28. [33]Hochberg Y, Benjamini Y (1990) More powerful procedures for multiple significance testing. Stat Med 9: 811– 818. 2218183
  29. [34]van den Oord EJ (2008) Controlling false discoveries in genetic studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B: 637– 644 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30650. 18092307 · DOI
  30. [36]Browning BL (2008) PRESTO: rapid calculation of order statistic distributions and multiple-testing adjusted P-values via permutation for one and two-stage genetic association studies. BMC Bioinformatics 9: 309 doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-309. 18620604 PMC2483288 · DOI
  31. [37]Pahl R, Schafer H (2010) PERMORY: an LD-exploiting permutation test algorithm for powerful genome-wide association testing. Bioinformatics 26: 2093– 2100 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq399. 20605926 · DOI
  32. [39]Moore JH, Ritchie MD (2004) STUDENTJAMA. The challenges of whole-genome approaches to common diseases. JAMA 291: 1642– 1643 doi: 10.1001/jama.291.13.1642. 15069055 · DOI
  33. [40]Grady BJ, Torstenson ES, McLaren PJ, de Bakker PI, Haas DW, et al (2011) Use of biological knowledge to inform the analysis of gene-gene interactions involved in modulating virologic failure with efavirenz-containing treatment regimens in art-naive actg clinical trials participants. Pac Symp Biocomput 253– 264. 21121053 PMC3094912
  34. [41]Bush WS, Dudek SM, Ritchie MD (2009) Biofilter: a knowledge-integration system for the multi-locus analysis of genome-wide association studies. Pac Symp Biocomput 368– 379. 19209715 PMC2859610
  35. [42]Herold C, Steffens M, Brockschmidt FF, Baur MP, Becker T (2009) INTERSNP: genome-wide interaction analysis guided by a priori information. Bioinformatics 25: 3275– 3281 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp596. 19837719 · DOI
  36. [43]Chanock SJ, Manolio T, Boehnke M, Boerwinkle E, Hunter DJ, et al (2007) Replicating genotype-phenotype associations. Nature 447: 655– 660 doi: 10.1038/447655a. 17554299 · DOI · Paper page
  37. [44]Zollner S, Pritchard JK (2007) Overcoming the winner's curse: estimating penetrance parameters from case-control data. Am J Hum Genet 80: 605– 615 doi: 10.1086/512821. 17357068 PMC1852705 · DOI
  38. [45]Sanna S, Jackson AU, Nagaraja R, Willer CJ, Chen WM, et al (2008) Common variants in the GDF5-UQCC region are associated with variation in human height. Nat Genet 40: 198– 203 doi: 10.1038/ng.74. 18193045 PMC2914680 · DOI
  39. [46]Willer CJ, Sanna S, Jackson AU, Scuteri A, Bonnycastle LL, et al (2008) Newly identified loci that influence lipid concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 40: 161– 169 doi: 10.1038/ng.76. 18193043 PMC5206900 · DOI · Paper page
  40. [47]Zeggini E, Ioannidis JP (2009) Meta-analysis in genome-wide association studies. Pharmacogenomics 10: 191– 201 doi: 10.2217/14622416.10.2.191. 19207020 PMC2695132 · DOI
  41. [49]Higgins JP (2008) Commentary: Heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be expected and appropriately quantified. Int J Epidemiol 37: 1158– 1160 doi: 10.1093/ije/dyn204. 18832388 · DOI · Paper page
  42. [50]Li Y, Willer C, Sanna S, Abecasis G (2009) Genotype imputation. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 10: 387– 406 doi: 10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164242. 19715440 PMC2925172 · DOI · Paper page
  43. [51]Marchini J, Howie B, Myers S, McVean G, Donnelly P (2007) A new multipoint method for genome-wide association studies by imputation of genotypes. Nat Genet 39: 906– 913 doi: 10.1038/ng2088. 17572673 · DOI · Paper page
  44. [52]Guan Y, Stephens M (2008) Practical issues in imputation-based association mapping. PLoS Genet 4: e1000279 doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000279. 19057666 PMC2585794 · DOI
  45. [54]Biernacka JM, Tang R, Li J, McDonnell SK, Rabe KG, et al (2009) Assessment of genotype imputation methods. BMC Proc 3 Suppl 7: S5. PMC2795949 20018042

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Bush, W. S., & Moore, J. H.
Affiliations
  • Vanderbilt University (US)
  • Dartmouth College (US)
Corresponding author
Bush, William S.
Venue
PLoS Computational Biology
Published
2012-12-27
Volume
8
Issue
12
Pages
e1002822
ISSN
  • 1553-734X (ISSN-L)
  • 1553-7358
OpenAlex
W2104093114
Cited by
1,171
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 39 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 138 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 1
FWCI
6.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • PLoS Computational Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Human Genome Research Institute
  • National Eye Institute (R01EY022300)
  • National Cancer Institute (LM010098)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM103534)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R0I-AI59694, R01AI059694)
  • U.S. National Library of Medicine (R01LM011360, R0I-LM010098, R01LM009012, R01LM010098, R0I-LM009012)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Keywords
genome-wide association study, human genetic variation
MeSH terms
Haplotypes, Humans, Genetic Linkage, Phenotype, Genetic Variation, Genome-Wide Association Study, Electronic Health Records

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review