CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,762Climate change impacts on agriculturePlant Stress Responses and ToleranceAgriculture and Biological Studies

Impact of Climate Change on Crops Adaptation and Strategies to Tackle Its Outcome: A Review

Open access
Raza, Ali, Razzaq, Ali, Mehmood, Sundas Saher, Zou, Xiling, Zhang, Xuekun, Lv, Yan, Xu, Jinsong·2019·Plants
DOI 10.3390/plants8020034PMC PMC6409995
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Agriculture and climate change are internally correlated with each other in various aspects, as climate change is the main cause of biotic and abiotic stresses, which have adverse effects on the agriculture of a region. The land and its agriculture are being affected by climate changes in different ways, e.g., variations in annual rainfall, average temperature, heat waves, modifications in weeds, pests or microbes, global change of atmospheric CO2 or ozone level, and fluctuations in sea level. The threat of varying global climate has greatly driven the attention of scientists, as these variations are imparting negative impact on global crop production and compromising food security worldwide. According to some predicted reports, agriculture is considered the most endangered activity adversely affected by climate changes. To date, food security and ecosystem resilience are the most concerning subjects worldwide. Climate-smart agriculture is the only way to lower the negative impact of climate variations on crop adaptation, before it might affect global crop production drastically. In this review paper, we summarize the causes of climate change, stresses produced due to climate change, impacts on crops, modern breeding technologies, and biotechnological strategies to cope with climate change, in order to develop climate resilient crops. Revolutions in genetic engineering techniques can also aid in overcoming food security issues against extreme environmental conditions, by producing transgenic plants.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review synthesizes literature on how climate change drives abiotic and biotic stresses and reduces crop yields, and surveys adaptation strategies from cultural practices to genomics and genetic engineering. It concludes that climate-smart, stress-tolerant crops developed via breeding, GWAS/GS, transgenic transcription factors, and CRISPR/Cas9 are needed to protect food security.

Key findings

  • Climate change is linked to rising atmospheric CO2 (from 280 to 400 µmol−1, predicted up to 800 µmol−1 by century’s end) and an expected 2–4.5 °C increase in Earth’s average temperature in the 21st century; key stresses include drought, heat, salinity, flooding, and cold.
  • Yield impacts cited include climate changes reducing crop yield up to 70% since 1982 (Boyer); Zhao et al. (2017) reported reductions of 6% in wheat, 3.2% in rice, 3.1% in soybean, and 7.4% in maize. The review also cites wheat yield declining 6% per °C rise, maize 8.3% per °C, rice 2.6% per °C, and sorghum 7.8% per °C.
  • Food-security figures cited include around 815 million people affected by malnutrition, a population expected to reach about 9 billion by 2050 with food requirements rising about 85%, and a projected 25.7% reduction in agricultural production by 2080, with maize the most affected crop in Mexico.
  • Adaptation strategies reviewed include cultural methods (sowing time, crop rotation, irrigation), conventional breeding, MAS/QTL mapping, GWAS, genomic selection, and genetic engineering of DREB, ERF, MYB, WRKY, and NAC transcription factors; CRISPR/Cas9 examples include rice seed size increased by 30% via TGW6/GW5/GW2 mutation, low-gluten wheat, SlMAPK3 tomato drought studies, and OsAnn3 rice cold-tolerance work.

Methods

  • Narrative review; no primary data collection, systematic search strategy, or meta-analysis is described. It synthesizes cited literature on climate change causes, plant stresses, crop impacts, and adaptation/biotechnological strategies.
  • Main analysis is qualitative: it describes mechanisms such as ROS production, Rubisco disruption, and hormone signaling (ABA, salicylic acid, ethylene), and reviews breeding, genomic, transgenic, and CRISPR examples from other studies.
  • Figures and tables are referenced but not reproduced in the text; the review reports no sample size or statistical model of its own.

Limitations

  • Stated: the paper says how to tackle the problem and which strategies to apply are “still ambiguous,” and future food-security studies need to integrate climate change, crop productivity, water supply, and population.
  • Evident: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic inclusion criteria, quantitative synthesis, and primary experimental validation; many yield and climate projections are cited from secondary sources and are not independently assessed.
  • Evident: no own data or statistical analysis is presented; conclusions rely on cited literature and selected examples.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/plants8020034

Cites

239 of 239 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 139 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    At the end of this century global production of crops is likely to decrease as climatic severity increases from 2.6 to 4 °C.

    “At the end of this century global production of crops is likely to decrease as climatic severity increases from 2.6 to 4 °C.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Rogelj, 2016, Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 °C, Nature source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Water availability, air pollution, and soil fertility have a large impact on agriculture productivity.

    “Water availability, air pollution, and soil fertility have a large impact on agriculture productivity [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Noya, 2018, Environmental impacts of the cultivation-phase associated with agricultural crops for feed production, J. Clean. Prod. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Based on national crop yields and questionnaire surveys, large differences in vulnerabilities to current climate changes were detected across Europe.

    “Based on national crop yields and questionnaire surveys, large differences in vulnerabilities to current climate changes were detected across Europe.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Olesen, 2011, Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change, Eur. J. Agron. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Environmental extremes and climate variability enhanced the chances of numerous stresses on plants.

    “Environmental extremes and climate variability enhanced the chances of numerous stresses on plants [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Thornton, 2014, Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: A review, Glob. Chang. Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    In future, the productivity of the major crops is estimated to drop in many countries of the world due to global warming, water shortage, and other environmental impacts.

    “In future, the productivity of the major crops is estimated to drop in many countries of the world due to global warming, water shortage, and other environmental impacts [28,29].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [28] Tebaldi, 2018, Estimated impacts of emission reductions on wheat and maize crops, Clim. Chang. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Bonan, 2018, Climate, ecosystems, and planetary futures: The challenge to predict life in Earth system models, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 49
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 26
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    According to FAO 2007, all cultivated areas in the world are affected by climatic changes and only 3.5% of areas are safe from environmental limitations.

    “According to the study of FAO 2007 (http://www.fao.org/home/en/), all cultivated areas in the world are affected by climatic changes and only 3.5% of areas are safe from environmental limitations (for detail look table 3.7 in http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1075e/a1075e00.htm) [27].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Van Velthuizen, H. (2007). Mapping Biophysical Factors That Influence Agricultural Production and Rural Vulnerability, Food & Agriculture Organization.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Due to extreme weather events the frequency of global warming is expected to rise, which will ultimately disturb the ecosystem globally.

    “Due to extreme weather events the frequency of global warming is expected to rise, which will ultimately disturb the ecosystem globally [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Kanojia, A., and Dijkwel, P.P. (2018). Abiotic Stress Responses are Governed by Reactive Oxygen Species and Age. Annu. Plant Rev., 1–32. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Natural systems, human health, and agricultural production have been badly affected by devastating environmental changes.

    “Natural systems, human health, and agricultural production have been badly affected by devastating environmental changes [1].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Arunanondchai, P., Fei, C., Fisher, A., McCarl, B.A., Wang, W., and Yang, Y. (2018). How does climate change affect agriculture. The Routledge Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Routledge. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Recent studies reported that developed countries have more vulnerability towards climatic changes (8-11%) than developing states.

    “Recent studies reported that the developed countries have more vulnerability towards climatic changes (8–11%) than developing states [13,14].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [13] Lesk, 2016, Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production, Nature source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [14] Altieri, 2017, The adaptation and mitigation potential of traditional agriculture in a changing climate, Clim. Chang. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Crop adaptability has suffered not only as a result of temperature variations, but also because of rainfall.

    “Crop adaptability has suffered not only as a result of temperature variations, but also because of rainfall [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Kang, 2009, Climate change impacts on crop yield, crop water productivity and food security—A review, Prog. Nat. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The population is supposed to grow to about 9 billion in 2050 and food requirement are expected to escalate by about 85%.

    “The population is supposed to grow to about 9 billion in 2050 and food requirement are expected to escalate by about 85% [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] (2017, August 02). FAOSTAT. Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Northern Europe, the short duration for crop development and cool temperature are the major concerns, while temperature extremes and low rainfall limit crop productivity in Southern Europe, with the most negative effects in the continental climate in the Pannonian zone.

    “In Northern Europe, the short duration for crop development and cool temperature are the major concerns, while the temperature extremes and low rainfall limits the crop productivity in Southern Europe, although the most negative effects will be found for the continental climate in the Pannonian zone, which includes Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania [30].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Olesen, 2011, Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change, Eur. J. Agron. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Abiotic factors also include UV-B, light intensities, flooding, gas emissions, and physical and chemical factors which induce more stresses.

    “The abiotic factors also include UV-B, light intensities, flooding, gas emissions, and physical and chemical factors which induce more stresses [9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Suzuki, 2014, Abiotic and biotic stress combinations, New Phytol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Around 815 million people are affected by malnutrition, hindering sustainable development programs to achieve the universal goal of eliminating hunger by 2030.

    “Around 815 million people are affected by malnutrition, hindering sustainable development programs to achieve the universal goal of eliminating hunger by 2030 [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Richardson, 2018, Food security outcomes under a changing climate: Impacts of mitigation and adaptaion on vulnerablity to food insecurity, Clim. Chang. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The increased frequency of drought and heavy rainfalls, temperature fluctuations, salinity, and insect pest attacks are anticipated to decrease crop productivity leading to higher threats of starvation.

    “The increased frequency of drought and heavy rainfalls, temperature fluctuations, salinity, and insect pest attacks are anticipated to decrease crop productivity leading to higher threats of starvation [20].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Dhankher, 2018, Climate resilient crops for improving global food security and safety, Plant Cell Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Under natural climate conditions, plants often experience numerous stresses like waterlogging, drought, heat, cold, and salinity.

    “Under natural climate conditions, plants often experience numerous stresses like waterlogging, drought, heat, cold, and salinity [7,8].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Ashraf, M.A., Akbar, A., Askari, S.H., Iqbal, M., Rasheed, R., and Hussain, I. (2018). Recent Advances in Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Plants Through Chemical Priming: An Overview. Advances in Seed Priming, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Benevenuto, R.F., Agapito-Tenfen, S.Z., Vilperte, V., Wikmark, O.-G., Van Rensburg, P.J., and Nodari, R.O. (2017). Molecular responses of genetically modified maize to abiotic stresses as determined through proteomic and metabolomic analyses. PLoS ONE, 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Boyer reported that climate changes have reduced the crop yield up to 70% since 1982.

    “Boyer reported that the climate changes have reduced the crop yield up to 70% since 1982 [26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Boyer, 1982, Plant productivity and environment, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emission of dangerous gases, especially CO2, are the main factors for the greenhouse effect and warmer average global temperatures.

    “Emission of dangerous gases, especially CO2, are the main factors for the greenhouse effect and warmer average global temperatures [3].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Vaughan, 2018, The effects of climate change associated abiotic stresses on maize phytochemical defenses, Phytochem. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The effects of climate change and environmental variation are mainly estimated by the number of stress spells, their impact on daily life, and damage to agricultural crops.

    “The effects of climate change and environmental variation are mainly estimated by the number of stress spells, their impact on daily life, and damage to agricultural crops [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] FAO, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO (2018). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017: Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Extreme precipitation events might cause destructions due to floods whereas the scarcity or total absence of rainfall for a longer period leads to drought stresses.

    “Extreme precipitation events might well cause destructions due to floods whereas the scarcity or the total absence of rainfall for a longer period of time leads to drought stresses [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Khan, 2016, Climate Change Implications for Wheat Crop in Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pak. J. Meteorol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The time-span between the 19th and the 21st centuries is considered to be the period which experienced the most warming.

    “According to IPCC-2014 (http://www.ipcc.ch/), the time-span between the 19th and the 21st centuries is considered to be the period which experienced the most warming [10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M.R., Barros, V.R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J.A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., and Dasgupta, P. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, IPCC. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Climatic influences are worsened by present cropping schemes with low variation and elevated concentration of inputs, and unstable productivity due to environmental changes in crops.

    “Climatic influences are worsened by present cropping schemes with low variation and elevated concentration of inputs, and unstable productivity due to environmental changes in crops [19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Reckling, 2018, Grain legume yield instability has increased over 60 years in long-term field experiments as measured by a scale-adjusted coefficient of variation, Asp. Appl. Biol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Schlenker and Roberts (2009) described that maize yield was increased at an optimum temperature of 29 °C but a further increase in temperature hampered the yield of maize.

    “Schlenker and Roberts (2009) described that maize yield was increased at an optimum temperature of 29 °C but a further increase in temperature hampered the yield of maize [53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Schlenker, 2009, Nonlinear temperature effects indicate severe damages to US crop yields under climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Wheat yield decreased from 1% to 30% during mild drought stress at post-anthesis, while this reduction increased up to 92% in prolonged mild drought stress at flowering and grain formation.

    “Wheat yield was decreased from 1% to 30% during the mild drought stress at post-anthesis while this reduction increased up to 92% in case of prolonged mild drought stress at flowering and grain formation [49,50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] Araus, 2002, Plant breeding and drought in C3 cereals: What should we breed for?, Ann. Bot. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Bramley, 2013, Can elevated CO2 combined with high temperature ameliorate the effect of terminal drought in wheat?, Funct. Plant Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Easterling et al. (2007) described that a 2 °C increase in temperature causes 7% reduction in yield while a further increase to 4 °C decreased the yield by up to 34% in wheat.

    “Easterling et al. (2007) described that a 2 °C increase in temperature cause 7% reduction in yield while a further increase in temperature to 4 °C decreased the yield by up to 34% in wheat.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Easterling et al. (2007)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Temperature instability will provide more favorable environmental conditions for insect pests of crops to boost their capacity to stay alive in cold temperatures and then emerge in outbreaks in spring.

    “Temperature instability will also provide more favorable environmental conditions for insect pests of crops to boost their capacity to stay alive in cold temperatures and then emerge in outbreaks in spring.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rubisco, the central enzyme of photosynthesis, is disrupted if the temperature increases from 35 °C, and stops the photosynthetic process.

    “Rubisco, the central enzyme of photosynthesis, is disrupted if the temperature increases from 35 °C, and stops the photosynthetic process [34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Griffin, 2004, Heat and drought influence photosynthesis, water relations, and soluble carbohydrates of two ecotypes of redbud (Cercis canadensis), J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Agricultural production could reduce to 25.7% by 2080 due to climate change and maize will be the most affected crop in Mexico.

    “It has been estimated that agricultural production could reduce to 25.7% by 2080 due to climate change and maize will be the most affected crop in Mexico [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Hellin, 2014, Maize landraces and adaptation to climate change in Mexico, J. Crop Improv. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In arid and semiarid regions, climate change may cause a reduction in livestock growth and enhance their death rates.

    “But in the case of arid and semiarid regions, it may cause a reduction in livestock growth and enhance their death rates [65].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2000). Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Cambridge University Press. A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Wheat production is heavily affected by temperature extremes due to climate change in many countries, and may reduce crop yield by 6% for each °C rise in temperature.

    “Wheat production is heavily affected by the temperature extremes due to climate change in many countries, and may reduce the crop yield by 6% for each °C rise in temperature [32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Asseng, 2015, Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production, Nat. Clim. Change. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Due to water deficit, the harvest index is reduced to 60% and decreases the grain set.

    “Due to water deficit, the harvest index is reduced to 60% and decreases the grain set [42].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Garrity, 1994, Screening rice for drought resistance at the reproductive phase, Field Crops Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recent calculations have also not considered situations of sudden changes in socio-economic status and climate, so all these factors have been putting negative impacts on global food security and safety.

    “They have also not considered the situations of sudden changes in socio-economic status and climate, so all these factors have been putting negative impacts on global food security and safety [64].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Schmidhuber, 2007, Global food security under climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Eastburn et al. (2010) reported that the rise in ozone and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere influenced the disease type, and with a continuous rise in temperature, disease susceptibility in soybean was enhanced.

    “Eastburn et al. (2010) reported that the rise in ozone and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere influenced the disease type, and with a continuous rise in temperature, disease susceptibility in soybean was enhanced [61].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Eastburn, 2010, Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone alter soybean diseases at SoyFACE, Glob. Chang. Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Due to climate changes, many regions of cultivated land may become unsuitable for cultivation, and other tropical regions may produce more crops.

    “Consequently, due to climate changes, many regions of cultivated land may become unsuitable for cultivation, and other tropical regions may produce more crops.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    With the increase of the Earth's temperature, the climate undergoes severe alterations and becomes abiotically stressful.

    “With the increase of the Earth’s temperature, the climate undergoes severe alterations and becomes abiotically stressful.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Espeland, 2018, Strategic plant choices can alleviate climate change impacts: A review, J. Environ. Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Gong et al. (1997) reported the negative influence of heat stress on antioxidant enzymes in Zea mays.

    “Gong et al. (1997) reported the negative influence of heat stress on antioxidant enzymes in Zea mays [35].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Gong, 1997, Effect of calcium and calmodulin on intrinsic heat tolerance in relation to antioxidant systems in maize seedlings, Funct. Plant Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Climate change influences food security in a complicated manner, directly by disturbing the agro-ecological environment and indirectly by putting pressure on growth and circulation of income and increasing the necessity of agricultural products.

    “Climate change influences food security in a very complicated manner. It hampers the agricultural yield directly by means of disturbing the agro-ecological environment and indirectly by putting pressure on growth and circulation of income and consequently increased the necessity of agricultural products.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Drought stress influences wheat during all developmental stages, but grain formation and the reproductive stage are the most critical ones.

    “Drought stress influences wheat during all developmental stages, but grain formation and the reproductive stage are the most critical ones [48].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Pradhan, 2012, Effects of drought and high temperature stress on synthetic hexaploid wheat, Funct. Plant Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    The combined effect of heat and drought stress had more damaging outcomes compared to individual stress in sorghum, maize, and barley.

    “It was revealed that the combined effect of heat and drought stress had more damaging outcomes as compared to individual stress [36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Wang, 2004, Physiological recovery of Kentucky bluegrass from simultaneous drought and heat stress, Crop Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Maleki et al. (2013) reported that soybean yield has been largely affected by drought stress and a 42% reduction was observed during the grain filling stage.

    “Maleki et al. (2013) reported that the soybean yield has been largely effected by drought stress and a 42% reduction was observed during the grain filling stage of soybean [52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Maleki, 2013, Physiological performance of soybean cultivars under drought stress, Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    It was predicted that enhancement of greenhouse gas emissions and abrupt climatic changes may increase crop yield in North-Western Europe and decrease crop yield in the Mediterranean area.

    “It was predicted that the enhancement of greenhouse gas emissions and abrupt climatic changes will occur that may increase the crop yield in North-Western Europe and decrease the crop yield in the Mediterranean area [31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Olesen, 2002, Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy, Eur. J. Agron. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Schlenker and Roberts (2009) revealed that the threshold temperature for soybean is 30 °C; a rise to the optimum level increased soybean yield but after that level further rise in temperature reduced the yield abruptly.

    “Schlenker and Roberts (2009) revealed that the threshold temperature for soybean is 30 °C; a rise in temperature to the optimum level increased soybean yield but after that level, further rise in temperature reduced the yield abruptly [53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Schlenker, 2009, Nonlinear temperature effects indicate severe damages to US crop yields under climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mashbean yield has been reduced by drought stress from 31% to 57% during the flowering stage, while a 26% reduction was reported during the reproductive phase.

    “Mashbean (Vigna mungo L.) yield has been reduced by drought stress from 31% to 57% during the flowering stage while a 26% reduction was reported by drought stress during the reproductive phase [51].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Baroowa, 2014, Biochemical changes in black gram and green gram genotypes after imposition of drought stress, J. Food Legum.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Heat stress affects grain production and yield, cold stress results in sterility, and drought stress negatively influences the morpho-physiology of plants.

    “As heat stress affects the grain production and yield, cold stress results in sterility, and drought stress negatively influences the morpho-physiology of plants [69,70].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [69] Barlow, 2015, Simulating the impact of extreme heat and frost events on wheat crop production: A review, Field Crops Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [70] 2016, Drought stress in plants: Causes, consequences, and tolerance, Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Plants require an optimum temperature for their normal growth and blooming.

    “It is reported that plants require an optimum temperature for their normal growth and blooming.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Hatfield, 2015, Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development, Weather Clim. Extrem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These climatic problems severely distress plant development and yield, producing enormous responses comprising molecular, biochemical, physiological, and morphological modifications.

    “These climatic problems severely distress plant development and yield, produce enormous responses, comprising molecular, biochemical, physiological, and morphological modifications [71].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] Zandalinas, 2018, Plant adaptations to the combination of drought and high temperatures, Physiol. Plant. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Modification in sowing time, application of drought resistant cultivars, and cultivation of new crops are important strategies to lessen climatic variability danger and provide better adaptability to crop plants for assuring food safety and security.

    “Modification in sowing time, application of drought resistant cultivars, and the cultivation of new crops are some important strategies to lessen the climatic variability danger and provide better adaptability to crop plants for assuring food safety and security [116].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [116] Ali, 2017, Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan, Clim. Risk Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Fertilizers provide substantial energy to plants and are beneficial to maintain soil fertility and increase productivity.

    “It provides substantial energy to plants and is beneficial to maintain the fertility of the soil and increase productivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [118] Henderson, 2018, The economic potential of residue management and fertilizer use to address climate change impacts on mixed smallholder farmers in Burkina Faso, Agric. Syst. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Environmental changes are very damaging and pose various threats to naturally prevailing crop species.

    “Environmental changes are very damaging and pose various threats to naturally prevailing crop species [66].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Espeland, 2018, Strategic plant choices can alleviate climate change impacts: A review, J. Environ. Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The chief cereal crops around the world, such as maize, rice, and wheat, are crucial to meet the daily food demand.

    “The chief cereal crops around the world, such as maize, rice, and wheat, are crucial to meet the daily food demand.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] Tack, J., Barkley, A., and Nalley, L.L. (2015). Effect of warming temperatures on US wheat yields. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Plant breeding gives a way to potentially guarantee food security and safety under harsh weather variations and helps plants escape stresses by developing stress resistant cultivars.

    “It gives a way to potentially guarantee food security and safety under harsh weather variations and help plants escape from various stresses through a crucial phase of plant growth by developing stress resistant cultivars [119].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [119] Blum, A. (2018). Plant Breeding for Stress Environments: 0, CRC Press. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Wheat was the leading staple crop which has been cultivated on a large scale.

    “Out of them, wheat was the leading staple crop which has been cultivated on a large scale [73].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] Tack, J., Barkley, A., and Nalley, L.L. (2015). Effect of warming temperatures on US wheat yields. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Molecular markers could be exploited to explore unique allelic variations in wheat to enhance potential to screen drought tolerant cultivars.

    “The authors concluded from this research that the molecular markers could be exploited to explore the unique allelic variations in wheat to enhance the potential to screen drought tolerant cultivars [143].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [143] Tahmasebi, 2016, Mapping QTLs associated with agronomic and physiological traits under terminal drought and heat stress conditions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Genome source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Fertilizers are vital to reduce the effect of global warming and support plant adaptability.

    “Fertilizers are also very vital to reduce the effect of global warming and support the plant for better adaptability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [118] Henderson, 2018, The economic potential of residue management and fertilizer use to address climate change impacts on mixed smallholder farmers in Burkina Faso, Agric. Syst. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Landraces are a significant source for genetic studies; a wheat landrace kept in a data bank comprises broader genetic variance and is a valuable basis for stress resistance.

    “For genetic studies landraces are a significant source, for example, a wheat landrace kept in data bank comprises broader genetic variance and is a valuable basis for stress resistance as it contains cultivars adjustable to diverse environmental stress [122].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [122] Lopes, 2015, Exploiting genetic diversity from landraces in wheat breeding for adaptation to climate change, J. Exp. Bot. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Under field circumstances, drought and heat are the most predominant stresses and have a significant influence on plants.

    “Under field circumstances, drought and heat are the most predominant stresses and have a significant influence on plants [67].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Pereira, 2016, Plant abiotic stress challenges from the changing environment, Front. Plant Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Genetic divergence analysis is a very important method for development of new cultivars based on genetic distance and similarities.

    “Genetic divergence analysis is considered a very important method for the development of new cultivars based on genetic distance and similarities [120,121].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [120] Raza, A., Mehmood, S.S., Ashraf, F., and Khan, R.S.A. (2018). Genetic diversity analysis of Brassica species using PCR-based SSR markers. Gesunde Pflanzen, 1–7.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [121] Raza, 2018, Assessment of RAPD markers to analyse the genetic diversity among sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes, Turk. J. Agric. Food Sci. Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Under climatic stress conditions, altering planting and harvesting time, using short life cycle crops, crop rotation, irrigation techniques, and variation in cropping schemes are very beneficial for crop adaptability.

    “Under climatic stress conditions, all of these approaches are very beneficial for crop adaptability [112,113,114,115].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [112] Duku, C., Zwart, S.J., and Hein, L. (2018). Impacts of climate change on cropping patterns in a tropical, sub-humid watershed. PLoS ONE, 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [113] Marcinkowski, 2018, Effect of climate change on sowing and harvest dates of spring barley and maize in Poland, Int. Agrophys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [114] Teixeira, 2018, Adapting crop rotations to climate change in regional impact modelling assessments, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [115] Deligios, 2019, Climate change adaptation and water saving by innovative irrigation management applied on open field globe artichoke, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Wheat is harvested on 38.8% of total agricultural land worldwide and provides 15% proteins per gram compared to maize or rice which only supplies 2 to 3%.

    “Wheat is harvested on 38.8% of total agricultural land worldwide and provides a considerably high concentration of proteins: 15% per gram as compared to maize or rice which only supplies 2 to 3% [74].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] FAO, FAOSTAT (2017, October 15). Food Agriculture. Organization. United Nations. Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    CRISPR/Cas9 system is emerging as most powerful GE strategy because it is economical, rapid, accurate, and enables multiple site specific editing within genome.

    “In contrast to the ZENs and TALENs genome editing tools, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is emerging as the most powerful GE strategy because it is economical, rapid, accurate, and enables multiple site specific editing within the genome [234].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [234] Abdelrahman, 2018, Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9–targeted mutagenesis: An opportunity for yield improvements of crop plants grown under environmental stresses, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    OsANN3 gene has ability in cold tolerance and could be potential gene for transgenic rice with increased cold tolerance.

    “This study showed the ability of the OsANN3 gene in cold tolerance and that it could be a potential gene for transgenic rice with increased cold tolerance [249].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [249] Shen, 2017, Knock out of the annexin gene OsAnn3 via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing decreased cold tolerance in rice, J. Plant Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Temperature fluctuations and variations in rainfall spells are crucial indicators of environmental stresses.

    “Temperature fluctuations and variations in rainfall spells are a very crucial indicators of environmental stresses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    G × E model has high significance rates and better genomic predictions compared to other models in 4 wheat and 1 maize cultivars and CIMMYT data bank.

    “These methods are applied on 4 wheat and 1 maize cultivars and CIMMYT data bank revealed that the G × E model have high significance rates and better genomic predictions as compared to other models [160].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [160] Cuevas, 2017, Bayesian genomic prediction with genotype× environment interaction kernel models, G3: Genes. Genom. Genet. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Genetic engineering approaches have been significantly applied to develop transgenic plants with enhanced resistance against different biotic and abiotic stress responses.

    “Genetic engineering approaches have been significantly applied to develop transgenic plants with enhanced resistance against different biotic and abiotic stress responses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Lafarge et al. (2017) GWAS of 167 rice varieties found significant association between spikelet sterility, secondary traits, and 14 loci.

    “A significant association was present between SPKST, secondary traits, and 14 loci.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [149] Lafarge, T., Bueno, C., Frouin, J., Jacquin, L., Courtois, B., and Ahmadi, N. (2017). Genome-wide association analysis for heat tolerance at flowering detected a large set of genes involved in adaptation to thermal and other stresses. PLoS ONE, 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Abiotic stresses are the major type of stresses that plants suffer.

    “Abiotic stresses are the major type of stresses that plants suffer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Breeding approaches will help to develop climate resilient crops with better adaptability under drought and heat.

    “Breeding approaches will help to develop climate resilient crops with better adaptability under drought and heat.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    SlMAPK3 gene is important in drought tolerance mechanisms and over-expression by genetic engineering provides improved drought tolerance.

    “The outcomes of this study revealed the importance of the SlMAPK3 gene in drought tolerance mechanisms and over-expression of this gene by genetic engineering provide improved drought tolerance [247].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [247] Wang, 2017, Reduced drought tolerance by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated SlMAPK3 mutagenesis in tomato plants, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Climate changes are alarming the world by hampering agriculture and its products.

    “Climate changes are alarming the world by hampering agriculture and its products.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Climate change has devastating effects on plant growth and yield.

    “Climate change has devastating effects on plant growth and yield.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Industrialization and poisonous gases cause global warming, which ultimately disturbs the world's environment.

    “Industrialization and poisonous gases cause global warming, which ultimately disturbs the world’s environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nine SNPs were closely linked with leaf firing and five SNPs with leaf blotching in Sorghum bicolor.

    “Nine SNPs were closely linked with LF and five SNPs were identified for LB traits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [155] Chen, 2017, Genome-wide association study of developing leaves’ heat tolerance during vegetative growth stages in a sorghum association panel, Plant Genome source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    DREB1 has controlling mechanism in cold stress while DREB2 functions in drought, salinity, and high temperature stresses.

    “In numerous experiments DREB1 has been studied in rice and Arabidopsis for its controlling mechanism in cold stress while DREB2 functions in drought, salinity, and high temperature stresses [174,175,176].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [174] Liu, 1998, Two transcription factors, DREB1 and DREB2, with an EREBP/AP2 DNA binding domain separate two cellular signal transduction pathways in drought-and low-temperature-responsive gene expression, respectively, in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [175] Lucas, 2011, The drought response displayed by a DRE-binding protein from Triticum dicoccoides, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [176] Sakuma, 2002, DNA-binding specificity of the ERF/AP2 domain of Arabidopsis DREBs, transcription factors involved in dehydration-and cold-inducible gene expression, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GWAS has been applied to describe drought tolerance, salt tolerance, and heat tolerance in plants.

    “GWAS have been applied to describe drought tolerance [147], salt tolerance [148], and heat tolerance [149].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [147] Thoen, 2017, Genetic architecture of plant stress resistance: Multi-trait genome-wide association mapping, New Phytol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [148] Wan, 2017, Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic architecture underlying salt tolerance-related traits in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), Front. Plant Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [149] Lafarge, T., Bueno, C., Frouin, J., Jacquin, L., Courtois, B., and Ahmadi, N. (2017). Genome-wide association analysis for heat tolerance at flowering detected a large set of genes involved in adaptation to thermal and other stresses. PLoS ONE, 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Genome wide association studies (GWAS), genomic selection (GS) with high throughput phenotyping, and genotyping strategies are significant in identifying the different genes for crop improvement under climate change.

    “Genome wide association studies (GWAS), genomic selection (GS) with high throughput phenotyping, and genotyping strategies are significant in identifying the different genes for crop improvement under climate change.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
70 of 70

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Climate change is the main cause of biotic and abiotic stresses that adversely affect agriculture.

    “Agriculture and climate change are internally correlated with each other in various aspects, as climate change is the main cause of biotic and abiotic stresses, which have adverse effects on the agriculture of a region.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Agriculture is the most endangered activity adversely affected by climate changes.

    “According to some predicted reports, agriculture is considered the most endangered activity adversely affected by climate changes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Climate-smart agriculture is the only way to lower the negative impact of climate variations on crop adaptation.

    “Climate-smart agriculture is the only way to lower the negative impact of climate variations on crop adaptation, before it might affect global crop production drastically.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Climate change and food insecurity are the two major issues of the 21st century.

    “Climate change and food insecurity are the two major issues of the 21st century.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Global warming and climate change both have some negative and positive effects on agricultural crops as well as on humans.

    “Overall, global warming and climate change both have some negative and positive effects on agricultural crops as well as on humans as explained in Figure 4.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Environmental variation has a long-lasting influence on agriculture and food security globally.

    “Variation in the environment has a long-lasting influence on agriculture and food security globally.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Food security and safety are threatened by severe weather conditions.

    “Food security and safety are threatened by the severe weather conditions and it is not a recent problem.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Formerly, no consideration was adopted to tackle the problem of weather variations.

    “But formerly, no consideration was adopted to tackle this problem.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The strategies to tackle climate change's impact on agriculture are still ambiguous.

    “How to tackle this problem and what strategies we should apply are still ambiguous.”
9 of 9

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Salinity often leads to a decline in photosynthesis, resulting in stunted plant growth.

    “Salinity often leads to a decline in photosynthesis, which results in stunted plant growth. This occurs because salinity interferes with essential metabolic processes needed for energy production and development47.”

    From Cold plasma technology as a pre-treatment for seed priming enhances germination and reduces salinity stress in Prosopis Koelziana (2025) · cites this paper as [47]

    Section 4 describes salinity as a stress that affects plant physiology and metabolism, and the Introduction links salinity to reduced crop productivity. But the passages that describe impaired photosynthesis and delayed development concern drought, not salinity; our copy does not establish the claimed salinity-to-photosynthesis-to-stunted-growth sequence. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Elevated CO2 concentration modulates development and disease severity of C. gloeosporioides, highly dependent on plant host variety and CO2 concentration.

    “For the fungal pathogen C. gloeosporioides, it has been reported that an elevated CO2 concentration resulted in a modulation of the development and disease severity, which is highly dependent on the variety of the plant host and CO2 concentration.”

    From Green Management of Postharvest Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (2023) · cites this paper as [44]

    Sections 4 and 5 discuss elevated CO2 and plant stress, but neither addresses C. gloeosporioides, its development, or disease severity. Searches for the species name and for CO2-related fungal disease and host-variety effects found no passage supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • OsAnn3 knockout is said to increase and decrease cold tolerance

    Minor

    The text says knocking out Osann3 enhanced cold tolerance, but the cited study's title says the knockout decreased cold tolerance. This reverses the stated outcome.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

14 of the 253 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Khan, 2016, Climate Change Implications for Wheat Crop in Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pak. J. Meteorol., 13, 17
  2. Reckling, 2018, Grain legume yield instability has increased over 60 years in long-term field experiments as measured by a scale-adjusted coefficient of variation, Asp. Appl. Biol., 138, 15
  3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007). Climate Change: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2000). Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Cambridge University Press. A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  5. Khan, 2017, Effect of Various Temperatures and Duration on Deterioration of Rice Seeds, Science, 36, 79
  6. Jan, 2017, Impact of salt, drought, heat and frost stresses on morpho-biochemical and physiological properties of Brassica species: An updated review, J. Rural Dev. Agric., 2, 1
  7. Nasim, 2017, Contemplation of wheat genotypes for enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, Pak. J. Bot., 49, 647
  8. Riechmann, 1998, The AP2/EREBP family of plant transcription factors, Biol. Chem., 379, 633

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Raza, A., Razzaq, A., Mehmood, S. S., Zou, X., Zhang, X., Lv, Y., & Xu, J.
Affiliations
  • Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CN)
  • University of Agriculture Faisalabad (PK)
Corresponding author
  • Raza, Ali
  • Zou, Xiling
  • Zhang, Xuekun
ORCID
Venue
Plants
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-01-30
Volume
8
Issue
2
Pages
34
ISSN
2223-7747 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/plants8020034
PMC
PMC6409995
OpenAlex
W2913631090
Semantic Scholar
2248987a623f11fd2269233a6084110d9dff68e7
Cited by
1,762
References
253
Citations by year
2026: 144 · 2025: 250 · 2024: 344 · 2023: 349 · 2022: 293 · 2021: 251 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 13 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
18.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Plants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Basic Research Program of China (2017YFD0101701) and Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS. (2017YFD0101701)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Climate change impacts on agriculture
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agriculture and Biological Studies
Keywords
climate change impacts on crops, crop adaptation, climate-smart agriculture, food security, climate-resilient crops, abiotic stress, biotic stress, heat waves, genetic engineering, transgenic plants, ecosystem resilience

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review