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Entropy Explains Aging, Genetic Determinism Explains Longevity, and Undefined Terminology Explains Misunderstanding Both
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ommunication in the field of biogerontology is a minefield because all of the commonly used terms have no universally accepted definitions.In a series of five annual meetings that I chaired recently in an attempt to define common terms, the dozen or more experts who attended could not agree on the definition of almost all of them, including ''aging.''The committee was disbanded and the communications dilemma remains.''Aging, Bench to Bedside,'' the collection of mini reviews published as a series in this journal, is representative of this unsolved problem.Not only does the problem result in communication failures, it also produces erroneous interpretations of research results; illogical allocation of research funds; and misdirected scientific, economic, social, and political policy decisions [1-3].There is no other field of science in which a similarly bleak situation exists.As a consequence of the terminology dilemma, I will define for use in this editorial the four aspects of the finitude of life: aging, the determinants of longevity, age-associated diseases, and death.I will not discuss the latter, although even this word defies a universally accepted definition.
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“While lifespan is a measure that incorporates the impacts of aging, the determinants of longevity are distinct from those that influence the rate at which an organism ages.14”
From Asynchronous, contagious and digital aging (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hayflick, L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hayflick, Leonard
- ORCID
- Hayflick, Leonard
- Venue
- PLoS Genetics
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e220
- ISSN
- 1553-7390 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7404
- PMC
- PMC2134939
- OpenAlex
- W2112599794
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Keywords
- aging, longevity, terminological definitions, genetic determinism, age-related diseases, finitude of life, entropy, research funding allocation, science communication
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Geriatrics, Humans, Longevity, Terminology as Topic, Entropy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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